tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-78196505475723443892024-03-14T04:52:33.058-07:00TARAFITS Archives - Travels, Places, Personalities & GeneralAmb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-8387550675210383062011-04-15T01:02:00.001-07:002011-04-15T01:02:27.805-07:00Meeting with MOBUTU Sese Seko<h1 align="left" style="margin-left:0in;text-align:left;text-indent:0in"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span><span style="font-size:20.0pt">Meeting with MOBUTU Sese Seko</span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal">( From Ambassador's Journal-1975)</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:.5in"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">I had just returned from Paris in October 1975 , fatigued and looking forward to some rest, but External Affairs Secretary Jagat Mehta insisted that I accompany Minister of State (MOS) Bipin Pal Das , who was undertaking a tour of seven African countries to drum up support for a seat in the UN Security Council. I could not resist the temptation of a safari across the African continent, beginning from Nairobi (Kenya) and jetting through Kinshasa ( Zaire), Lagos (Nigeria), Accra(Ghana), Abidjan (Ivory coast) and Dakar (Senegal); all of it in thirteen days. And then continuing on north east to London , before taking an Air India flight back to India.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">We started from Bombay and reached Nairobi on 8th October evening. MOS Das and the delegation, which also included officials Saifullah and Dhawan, had a meeting with the Kenyan Foreign Minister and a dinner in his honour by the Kenyan host. Flying early next morning from Nairobi, we arrived a few hours later in Kinshasa, capital of Zaire after a technical halt at the airport of Burundi's capital Bujumbura, situated on lake Tanganayika. On arrival at Kinshasa situated on river Zaire, after being received by the Zairian Foreign Minister and the Indian CDA, Captain Inder Chopra, we were put up in one of the villas which like most African countries, Zaire had also constructed to house Heads of State for the Organisation of African Unity summit .The sprawling complex of villas, each with attached kitchens was comfortable, but most were empty and neglected. Every morning I had to run around and yell to get hold of the cook for the morning cup of tea.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">There was a heavy and almost identical schedule for the two days stay in each capital, except Nairobi. Meetings with the host Foreign Minister , my meetings with the officials, reception for or by the Indian community and a dinner with the host Foreign Minister and the crowning audience with the Head of the State. It was a hard grind , keeping notes, preparing telegrams, messages and press hand outs. And finding time to do sight seeing. By the time we reached Dakar, I was way behind in my report making and missed out on the sights. With a heavy schedule and hot and humid climate , I became sick and was on antibiotics. But it was an enjoyable and educative tour , with a relaxed and very understanding MOS ,who did not frown if, we had a drink or two .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">We waited for the most important meeting in Kinshasa with the Head of State , in this case , Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu Waza Banga. Well , that was his full name and meant; the fearless warrior who will go from strength to strength leaving fire in his wake. With security already severe in most African and Arab capitals ( till early eighties one could walk into New Delhi's South Block , now converted into a citadel , literally after a nod at the Reception Officer), the audience with Mobutu was never precisely indicated and announced and cancelled at short notice many times. We were finally driven to one of his many palatial residences, three quarter an hour before ` schedule'. This palace was located on river Zaire, from which this country took its name, like so many others ( as India has from Indus- which alas is in Pakistan.) The Residence was beautiful, elegant and palatial. A large seagoing vessel was anchored at the steps leading to the river front.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">After waiting in an ante-room we were ushered into Mobuto Sese Seko's presence. As usual, he was well dressed with the regulation leopard skin cap and a fly whisk, requirements of tribal kings and chiefs., which many African Heads of State sport . After the exchange of greetings, Mobutu enquired about Indira Gandhi's health , whom like all African leaders, from both sides of the cold war divide , he held in high regard and mentioned her constant struggles and ceaseless activity. After a suitable pause Mr Das , a learned teacher cum educational administrator from Assam, went on his what would appear to be rehearsed piece if ,like us you heard it tens of times ; why India a Non-aligned country and in the forefront of struggle for independence of Afro-Asian countries and fight against imperialism, colonialism and exploitation should get his vote . </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">Mobutu was much younger then at 44 years and alert like a leopard. After a few minutes he promptly closed his eyes and went to sleep. Mr Das went on and on for nearly half an hour , while Mobutu had his siesta. The meeting was held in the afternoon. Mobutu then opened his eyes as if he was listening carefully and promised' his vote to the special envoy of Indira Gandhi.' Mr Das thanked him and we left. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">Subsequently we lost the contest to Pakistan and the guess at India's UN Mission in New York was that not all the seven African states, who had promised their vote to us had done so. The conventional wisdom in New York was ( and perhaps even now is) that votes of many African delegates could be bought , cajoled or got by blackmail.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">There was a reception for the Indian community, fifty persons in all, mostly Sindhis. In spite <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>of a full program, after dinner ( mercifully most official dinners end early), we sans MOS went to have a look at the city lights and life. In most African capitals, whatever the creed of the ruling party, by sunset one can hear drum music and the sound of swaying rhythmic beats. In our tour of the city we went by many dancing places, where young boys and girls were queuing to get in ,and into some we went in too. The beat and the rhythm was infectious. The rhythm courses through the African blood and once the drums start beating no one can resist. In Dakar I remember a Ghanaian Ambassador , who you think might collapse any moment , he was fat and ungainly, but once the beat was on, he was transformed into a dancing virtuoso. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">We also had a cruise on river Zaire. It is very wide at Kinshasa, perhaps like Brahmputra in flood and across at the other bank we could see the city of Brazzaville, the capital of Congo ( former French colony).There is perhaps no other river across which two capitals are situated. Imagine capitals of India and Pakistan like that or that of Turkey and Greece.. What is now known as Congo was called Congo Brazzaville and Zaire (before 1971<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>was called Congo- Leopoldville , after the King of the Belgians, its colonisers). The capital Leopoldville , was christened Kinshasa. ( Mr Kabila the next war lord and the chief of state got Zaire re-christened back as the Democratic Republic of Congo)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">River Congo, or Zaire is the longest river of Africa, and second in length and discharge in the world. With an area of 2.4 sq. million kms, Zaire is three/fourth India's size, with a population of over 40 million. In terms of resources, it is perhaps the richest country on the African continent. lt has huge reserves of copper, cobalt, diamonds and other minerals. Agriculturally it is rich with many rivers. It has half of Africa's and one eighth of world hydro- power potential .It is covered with rain forests so has abundance of timber. It is home to many tribes; the important ones are Bantus, Sudanese .and pygmies.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">But the population has been most unlucky in its leaders. Independence in 1960, brought a civil war becoming the focus of cold war rivalry, with Soviet leaning Lumumba becoming the Prime Minister. But soon Mobutu, a former sergeant major, now the commander in chief , got Lumumba murdered. UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskjold was<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>killed while flying over Zaire, in late 1960.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">India<span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>has an old association with Zaire; Indian soldiers went there on a UN peacekeeping mission in 1960. Venerable Indian diplomat Rajeshwar Dayal was UN Secretay General's Representative, with the then Indian Ambassador DN Chatterjee, having chronicled his experiences of the events in a book. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">Mobutu became the President in 1965 after a military coup. He took full advantage of US and West's fears of the Soviet designs in Africa and offered to act as their surrogate. The revolution and independence in the Portuguese colonies and the arrival of Cuban troops in Angola gave him a new lease of life, with Mobutu openly cooperating with the apartheid White regime in South Africa. In many former Communist states , the new free marketers, many old party apparatchiks ,are privatizing state industry into their names or those of their friends. Mobuto was remarkable ; he privatized the whole state for his personal benefit; salting away more than $ 4 billion dollars in Swiss banks and elsewhere , in full glare of Western media, with support and acquiescence from Western countries and their leaders. While in most of Africa, living condition of people has worsened over decades , perhaps it is much worse in Zaire. Pity, when it is such a rich country in resources.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">In world affairs and media Africa has been politically marginalised and once again become a dark continent. One hears little except, famines, civil wars, fight among neighbours and since 6 months- Zaire and the fate of Mobutu. Gone alas are the days when both West and East , in fact all ,rival powers competed for their support . Aid and experts poured in. Statements from Kwame Nkruma, Sieku Toure and others hogged media headlines. There is little to cheer up now. The living conditions <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>are deteriorating day by day. But the continent is very rich in mineral resources and its time will come. Hopefully earlier than we might think.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:2.0in;text-indent:-2.0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;layout-grid-mode:line">K. Gajendra Singh; Ankara, May,1997.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"> </span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-89871457892760663582010-11-02T21:55:00.001-07:002010-11-02T21:55:37.274-07:00Bhiwani: My Small Town in Haryana<div style="font-family:times new roman,new york,times,serif;font-size:12pt"><div style="font-family: times new roman,new york,times,serif; font-size: 12pt;"><div> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><br></p><b><span style="font-size: 20pt;">Bhiwani: My Small Town in Haryana</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: purple;"> </span></b><span style="color: black;"></span><p><span style="color: black;"></span><span style="color: black;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""><br></span></span></p> <p>Since Vijender Singh won a bronze medal at the Beijing Olympics, the first ever in boxing and two of his mates, Akhil Kumar and Jitendra reached the quarter finals, Bhiwani, a small town in Haryana, has become a household name in India, and perhaps even in the world of boxing. In India's boxing contingent, four out of five were from Bhiwani. At the Athens Olympics, out of four, three Indian boxers were from Bhiwani. No wonder Bhiwani, with boxing rings scattered around the town, is called little Cuba. Vijender fought valiantly but lost to his Cuban opponent. Cuban boxers did not win a single gold this time. But under Fidel Castro, this Caribbean island has produced a dazzling succession of Olympic boxing champions including Teófilo Stevenson, one of the greatest of all times, who like other Cuban boxers refused to turn professional with assured millions to win in USA, another great boxing nation, where this game is dominated by Afro-Americans, who in the absence of other professions <i>barred</i> to them, excel in boxing, basketball, athletics and music.<br> <br> Before the start of the Olympics and during it, as other fancied Indian participants failed even to qualify for the final rounds, Indian TV channel sports anchors, now focused on boxing, started looking up for Bhiwani, a district town 125 kms west of Delhi. Soon TV teams and reporters turned up at this till now obscure town to cover the aspirations and reactions of boxers' families and the town's excited and proud residents. Except for hockey's gold and other medals, one silver in shooting and just two bronze medals in wrestling and tennis, Indian athletes did little to cheer her billion population throughout Olympic games since India began participating. But on the trough of India's economic upsurge, the best ever Olympic performance with Avinash Bindra 's Gold in 10 meters air rifle shooting and another bronze in wrestling for Sushil Kumar from Delhi , somewhat fortuitously, was reason enough for exuberant celebrations all over India for its masses hungering for sports icons.<br> <br> Except for rifle shooter Bindra, who hails from a very well off family in Chandigarh, which provided him for a decade, not only moral but most of the financial support, a prerequisite to produce a world beater, the boxers and wrestlers come from poor families; children of bus drivers, conductors or marginal farmers. India is not a sporting nation and the bludgeoning middle class is yet to take to athletics and other sports as a professional career option, except for cricket, which with a religion like following in India, now supports the cricket world. <br> <br> I was born in Bhiwani in 1938, when it was a small dusty Tehsil town in the backward region of undivided Punjab of Hindustan and treated as Kalapani aka punishment postings for officials by ruling mandarins in Lahore. <br> <br> When I went over to Banaras in 1954 to study engineering, Bhiwani was a subdivision of Hissar district of Indian East Punjab. When I said Punjab was my home state, many would start conversing in Punjabi, which certainly was not my mother tongue. We were still learning Punjabi from refugees, who were forced to flee their homes in Multan, Jhang and other cities in newly created Pakistan. They had lost their belongings and many of their relatives were butchered on way to India. Some would brag unconvincingly about big gardens and properties they had left behind. However they were all hardworking and aggressive in business and transformed the city's commercial environment. The Haryanvi women started changing over to Punjabi dress -salwar kamiz, more practical than the billowing skirt, short shirt and head cover. Of course I learnt to understand Punjabi only when in 1958 I started teaching electrical engineering at Patiala. The salwar –kamiz has become perhaps the most popular wear in India, specially among the young, although jeans, a fashionable western import, is now taking over in major cities and towns. <br> <br> Many would ask me where was Bhiwani situated. Most had not heard about it, except for residents of cities which textile industry, since Bhiwani boasted of two textile mills and an Institute which trained textile engineers. Bhiwani also had a degree and teachers training colleges, run by local Seth Kirori Mal Trust, which also runs Delhi's Kirori Mal college. Some literary types would exclaim, " Oh! Bhowani Junction!" and had to be corrected that Bhiwani was a non-descript meter gauge rail station. The locale of novel 'Bhowani junction ' was perhaps inspired by Jhansi's railway hub.<br> <br> However, after the division of East Punjab into Punjab and Haryana, its dynamic and development obsessed Chief Minister Chaudhary Bansi Lal, soon got its railway station transformed into a junction, by cajoling the Indian Railways to build a broad gauge link from Rohtak to Bhiwani. A politician friend related how it was done. When Bansi Lal made the request, the Railway Minister, in usual fashion said that " Yes, we will do it after the land survey etc-- in next years budget ". But Bansi Lal, a shrewd and go getter Jat, replied that the Haryana government had completed all the required surveys. The Railway Minister then talked of acquiring land for the project , which could take some time. Bansi lal had brought along his officers ready with draft notifications for acquiring land and signed them on the spot. Once he was determined to achieve something, he would go all out for it. He is rightly known as the builder of Haryana (and Bhiwani) adding irrigations canals, lift irrigation schemes, industries, roads, universities and historic and tourist spots at Panipat and Kurukshetra. His drive and rough and ready methods specially during the 'Emergency rule' of 1975-77, when he had shifted to New Delhi as the Defense Minister brought him much notoriety but at least in India, people knew about Bhiwani, Bansi Lal's home town.<br> <br> Haryana was carved out of Punjab in 1966. This region had been neglected both as part of undivided Punjab and East Punjab. It soon flourished and took advantage of its proximity to Delhi, as can be seen in Gurgaon, near Delhi, home to national and international companies in automobiles, motorcycles, tractors, white goods industries and sunrise IT and BPL business. Haryana is now one of India's richest states in spite of little local raw materials.<br> <br> During 1940s and 1950s , Bhiwani was a dusty waterless town, with Rajasthan's sand dunes encroaching right inside the city's western limits. Birla's education city of Pilani in Rajasthan is only 50 kms west of Bhiwani and Churu, home town of Laxmi Mittal, the steel baron, is not far away. I remember perpetual water scarcity in Bhiwani. Summers brought in hot abrasive sand storms. Two water channels, one for city's water needs and another for the two textile mills, were called small and big <i>nehers</i> – canals or rivers. As a child if we jumped from one bank we would hit the opposite side. No wonder I never learnt swimming. There were many big ponds dug around the town to store rainwater for drinking, washing and for the cattle. Between Bhiwani and Rohtak, 45 kms away on way to Delhi, one could spy only one little garden. There were a few gardens around the city, otherwise it was just dust, sand and more sand with some dry shrubs here and there. <br> <br> When I visited Bhiwani in 1970, on home leave while posted at Ankara, I was almost shocked to see that between Rohtak and Bhiwani, not only there was greenery and booming agriculture, even sugarcane was being cultivated near the city. The old city gates had been rebuilt in splendor, there were new smooth concrete roads with traffic signals, not that any one followed them. Shop keepers were selling apples and grapes like wild berries of old days. There was a growing smell of prosperity all around. Earlier, even those who owned thousands of arid land were forced to join the army as simple soldiers for a livelihood. Now with networks of canals and water pumps, they had come into riches and indulged in politics and usual aggressive activities. In general, owing to the abiding influence of Arya Samaj, few ate meat. I myself became a non-vegetarian while studying at Banaras. Unfortunately the sudden upsurge of wealth has brought in evils like drunkenness and alcoholism. <br> <br> An unusual instance when Bhiwani was mentioned with some astonishment was at Rome Airport in 1984 by the Italian airport manager of Air India, when I then posted at Bucharest in Romania and was transiting via Rome for Delhi. Apart from my passport, he had also seen details about Haryana politician –academician Ch .Hardwari Lal, Om Parkash, an Indian businessman settled in Prato, near Rome and the then Deputy Managing Director of Air India, Chaman Lal Sharma, all connected to Bhiwani. With scarce foreign exchange, not many Indians, not even rich ones, could then travel abroad.<br> <br> The town is believed to have been founded by a Rajput chief Neem Singh to honor his wife Bhani. The name Bhani later morphed into Bhiyani and subsequently to Bhiwani. The town also has a conspicuous religious dimension. Because of a large number of Hindu temples it is called "<i>Chhota Kashi</i>". Like Rajasthan, the arid land of Bhiwani has produced a large number of rich traders and industrialists. They splash colossal sums building big Havelis (mansions) and there are many in Bhiwani and in ostentatious marriage ceremonies. But owners of these mansions made their money in Kolkata and elsewhere, where they operated, occupying a small space in a ill lit room in bazaars. Perhaps, embarrassed how to explain to their Maker how they came into their ill gotten wealth, some by hoarding food grains during famines and scarcity, to atone for their sins, a few have built temples and Dharamshalas (charity rest houses) and to perpetuate their names, schools and colleges.<br> <br> Bhiwani has produced two chief ministers of Haryana state and a couple of Cabinet Ministers for New Delhi. The state has been a model of political innovation, not always of the right kind .It added the term Ayaram-Gayaram, for political defections, now so prevalent all over India; political parties and individuals changing allegiance for political or monetary gain<br> <br> It was sickening to watch Indian politicians crowding out the returning Olympic medal winners for photo-ops. Almost all sports associations have fallen in to the clutches of politicians and their favorite civil servants or hangers on, which are used for patronage and free trips abroad. As politicians do elsewhere, many awards and prizes are announced after wars or sports medals, but not disbursed .<br> <br> A few decades ago, many politicians would turn up, a few months before the Olympics in European capitals, say of East Germany, a major sporting force then and request for a coach so that India could win a few medals. That attitude has not changed much since then. India did not even qualify for entry into hockey at Beijing. There is just no accountability or even remorse for their colossal failure.<br> <br> Wrestling, football, hockey, volleyball used to be favorite sports in Bhiwani. It appears that now boys from lower middle classes have taken to boxing in large numbers, for, a national or international medal ensures a job in the police at lower level of say sub-inspector. Vijender has been promoted to Deputy Superintendent of Police rank. Like most Indian states, jobs are sold, with political elites using even transfers and threats of transfer to milk money from the civil servants. No wonder they in turn do nothing unless bribes are paid. Well, what would you expect when honorable members accept money for raising questions in the Indian Parliament and during the recent vote of confidence, according to Members themselves, the going rate for transfer of loyalty was 250 million rupees, a big sum. But political dynasties have garnered thousands of millions of rupees each, even held in foreign currencies abroad. <br> <br> Olympics had become a cold war arena of competition in physical prowess between Capitalism and Communism, which has somewhat cooled off after the collapse of the Soviet Union. However sport persons from Russia and former communist nations are still doing well. China topped the list of gold medal winners in Beijing, displacing USA to second place. Winning a medal still requires national endeavour in which the state, corporate interests and individuals all participate jointly. <br> <br> Apart from the latest training techniques, supporting gizmos, sports medicine and psychology, doping techniques aka administration of drugs to enhance athletic performances have also seeped in; an ancient practice from the days of Roman gladiators who used stimulants such as strychnine to pump themselves up for a battle. Doping is done through gene therapy i.e. by inserting genes into a cell which instruct the body to produce large amounts of a hormone, protein, or other natural substance that enhance performance. Dope manufacturers keep a step ahead of means to detect it. Most sports suffer from it including cricket, with players from Pakistan i.e. Shoaib Akhtar and Mohamad Asif and the Australian spinning wizard Shane Warne to name a few.</p> <p>There are numerous examples of doping in recent history from athletics. Sprinter Marion Jones of USA, who won five Olympic gold medals, used drugs and has been convicted. Boxer Jason Giambi of New York says he turned to steroids beginning in 2001. Ken Caminiti, once an 'Outstanding Player' insisted half the players in baseball shared his steroid weakness. He died at 41 of a cocaine overdose. <br> <br> Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who lowered the old 100-meter mark at the 1988 Olympics, was found using illicit testosterone and banned. But Carl Lewis, his rival and supposedly Mr. Clean and a loud one, had reportedly failed drug tests before the 1988 Olympics (the charges came out only after his retirement). And of course the ever popular Diego Maradona from the slums of Argentina - the Pele of the generation- who was expelled from the 1994 World Cup after testing positive for too many drugs to count. Apart from American Tour de France star Lance Armstrong since 1999, Richard Virenque of France, Italy's Marco Pantani (dead) of a drug overdose last winter) and, most recently, Tyler Hamilton of the United States have all tested positive for steroids or blood-enhancing EPO. The list of doping of athletes is long and endless. It is like a cat and mouse game, with athletes and players from advanced nations generally succeeding more often than not.</p><p><br></p><p> K. Gajendra Singh <span style=""></span><span style="color: black;">,Delhi .30 August,2008</span><b><span style="font-size: 18pt; color: purple;"><br> </span></b><span style=""> </span><span style=""></span><span style="color: black;"><span style=""> </span></span> </p> <p><i style="">K Gajendra Singh, Indian ambassador (retired), served as ambassador to Turkey and Azerbaijan from August 1992 to April 1996. Prior to that, he served terms as ambassador to Jordan, Romania and Senegal. He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies. Copy right with the author. E-mail: <a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a> </i></p> </div> </div></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-25712685699530929742010-10-10T10:34:00.001-07:002010-10-10T10:34:54.210-07:00Comments on Cricket Commentators<br><div class="gmail_quote"><br><br><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Comments on Cricket Commentators</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Problem with Indian cricket commentators even for TV is that most suffer from usual Indian verbal diarrhea of argumentative kind .They know it is not Radio but keep on yapping and trying to show their so called knowledge , disturbing the ball by ball display .The situation is made worse by endless mostly stupid ads mostly either copied from the West or imagined and forced by illiterate oil, detergent or peanut selling Baniyas with little vision or taste repeating the ads as if the public is dumb like them. Nowhere in the world except in India , the TV audience is so shabbily treated .They are the backbone of the game providing revenues .Sometimes hardly 40% of the time is given for the ball to ball display in between .Watching a batsman out is as satisfactory as coitus interreptus .Verily it only confirms that Indians are killjoys .I immediately change the channel for a minute or so .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Take for example one Arun Lal and Ravi Shastri, born perhaps with genetic inferiority complex . Arun lal is so biased . he is always wishing and willing for the fall of Indian wicket or a century by the opponents . Is he bribed as are Pakistani players by India's opponents. It is worth a check .Ravi Shastri is not much better .No wonder they are favourites of countries playing against India and are called up . They are like non-Indian NRIs and non-Indian RIs. Thank God for intelligent former great player-commentator Sunil Gavaskar. Will the BCCI ban Lal and Shastri from Indian matches . Just listen to Australian, English or Pakistani commentators .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Among the worst foreign commentators is Tony Greig of apartheid south African origin whose commentary against Indian players is almost racist .He has been involved in many unsporting controversies<span> </span>.A major one I recall when as MCC captain in mid 1970s, before the tour ,he had declared that he will make the West Indies growl , reminding them of the slave era. The elegant and brilliant West Indian players said nothing but Tony was welcomed with short pitched fast bouncers around his ears at over 6ft .He was soon out and some West Indian players quietly escorted him out up to the boundary line towards the pavilion .In a recent test against Srilnka , when Indian batter Suresh Raina was on 96, Tony (do all Tony's like Tony Blair suffer from some grave malady ) recalled how Raina was once out first ball by Murlitharan , who was to bowl .The embarrassed Srilankan commentator reminded that since then Raina had played hundred ODIs and T-20s and many centuries .Raina got his century.Such racists must be banned.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A refreshing change is a former Australian captain now commentator , Ian Chappel , which is a pleasure to listen too .He is more of an exception among Australian politicians and cricketers, and almost all diplomats and press men I met with in my 35 years as a diplomat and 15 as a analyst of international affairs .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://tarafits-archives.blogspot.com/2010/10/india-and-cricket-world-cup-cocktail-of.html" target="_blank">http://tarafits-archives.blogspot.com/2010/10/india-and-cricket-world-cup-cocktail-of.html</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Retd Ambassador K. Gajendra Singh 10/10/10</span></p> </div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-65178578673103351802010-10-10T05:33:00.001-07:002010-10-10T05:33:19.631-07:00India and the Cricket World Cup-Cocktail of Gladiators & Moolah with Racial Overtones <h1 style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span>FOUNDATION FOR INDO-TURKIC STUDIES<span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style=""> </span></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tel/Fax ; 0040213163021<span style=""> </span>Amb (Rtd) K Gajendra Singh<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Emails; <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a><span style=""> </span>Flat No 5, 3<sup>rd</sup> Floor </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">KGSingh@Yahoo.com<span style=""> </span>9, Sos Cotroceni,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i style=""><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Web site</span></u></i><i style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bucharest</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (Romania)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">www.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://tarafits.com">tarafits.com</a><span style=""> </span>18 April, 2007.</span></p> <p><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; color: purple;">India</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 20pt; color: purple;"> and the Cricket World Cup</span></b><br> <b style=""><i style=""><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Cocktail of Gladiators & Moolah <span style=""> </span>with Racial Overtones</span></i></b> <br> by K. Gajendra Singh<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>Boloji.com , Chowk.com<span style=""> </span>18 April, 2007</p> <p><br> <i>"The last positive thing England did for cricket was invent it." Ian Chappell.<br> "My definition of a foreigner is someone who does not understand cricket." Anthony Couch.<br> "The people of India -- they are the ones whose attention, enthusiasm and love and support drive the great game, and business, of cricket in this country, and around the world." Greg Chappell.</i></p> <p>Although in audience reach Cricket World Cup does not match football but in passions, racial overtones , money making and cheating it is like a heady sports cocktail, brewed since Greek Olympic games and Roman gladiator combats. </p> <p>In the current 2007 World Cup, the stunning exit of India and Pakistan left passionate billion and half followers of the game in the subcontinent in a daze and disgust triggering Tsunami like disaster for the commercial operators nurturing and feeding on the game. It was as if Germany and Brazil were ousted by India and Pakistan in football World Cup preliminaries. </p> <p>"Cup loses fizz as big teams fall " wrote Scyld Berry in Sunday Telegraph adding "Nobody is going to watch the advertisements designed for the hundreds of millions of Indian viewers aspiring to a mobile phone, a motorbike, a fizzy drink or a refrigerator." </p> <p>Ever since cricket was transformed by Australian TV entrepreneur Kerry Packer from organized loafing by clad- in-white fools, wherein even five 6-day long Test matches many times produced no victors, into a day long pulsating combats by multi colored gladiators in former British colonies and a few other centers, this repetitive spectacle has morphed into a cash cow for marketers of white goods, consumer items, TV channels and advertising giants. </p> <p>Including non-resident Indians from the poorest to the rich, India now contributes 70% of the game's revenue, the pie everyone wants a slice off. </p> <p>Following the corporatisation of cricket in the era of consumerism , the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) ,the apex organizing body netted annual revenues of Rs 500 crores.( $1 million= Rs 4.4 Crores ) Last year, it sold telecasting rights for Rs 2,750 crores! Air Sahara sponsorship rights for four years at a price tag of around 300 crores, Nike became Indian cricket's official kit sponsor for five years by spending a cool Rs 196.66 crores. The TV rights with Nimbus got Rs 2,714 crores. Indian Government Doordarshan channel made another Rs 160 crores.</p> <p>The International Cricket Council (ICC) sold broadcasting rights for the current and the next World Cup for an even higher $1.1 billion (Rs 4,950 crores). Sony Entertainment Television sold advertising at Rs 5 lakhs for each 10-second spot, raking in an estimated Rs 350 crores to Rs 400 crores. But all these mega deals have almost been washed away in Caribbean waters. The sponsors are now wary of long term agreements. After all it is business, people are not watching cricket . Disgusted a council of 20 villages in the Indian state of Haryana banned watching cricket. </p> <p>Dwarfing this is the money invested in betting , which is illegal in India. Called <i>satta</i> it takes place on the sly, made easier with internet and cell phones (which also helped nab match fixers and the corrupt players.) Estimates of betting in India vary from US$5 billion a year to as high as $40 billion. An India Pakistan match can exceed $250 million. For the World Cup, with 51 matches the estimates were up to $4 billion. <br> <br> Now take India's star players. Sachin Tendulkar, Saurav Ganguly and Rahul Dravid make Rs 12 crores to 20 crores a year for endorsing products ranging from biscuits, shoes, cosmetics, cars to life insurance. Ganguly charges an annual fee of close to Rs 1.5 crore per endorsement. Even newcomers like Mahendra Singh Dhoni become multimillionaires overnight. But after the Caribbean debacle, for a match recently in Baroda, top Indian cricket stars were booed. </p> <p>So you can imagine the losses all around. Instead of the 'scheduled' India- Pakistan encounter on 15 April, from south Asians, who did not cancel their reservations and turned up, Indians supported Ireland and Pakistanis Bangladesh. Ireland won. </p> <p>West Indies' exit midway dampened even local interest. On its eight islands where the matches are being staged, the financial investments in infrastructure are being rendered in fructuous and could perhaps temporarily halt the game's march as a spectator sport to new centers, which the expected revenues would have funded. Bangladesh, the new boys on the block, who stunned fancied India and later even beat South Africa, bring exuberance and enthusiasm but little money in endorsements or to the games common kitty.</p> <p>As Greg Chappell rightly commented it is the people of India who drive the game and the business in India and the world. If the Americans had learnt cricket before they threw out the British colonists, it would have become another ball game altogether. Yes, the Yanks do play, but a simpler and less sophisticated version of cricket and call it baseball.</p> <p>Cricket fever affects even political life in India. Politicians are wary of cricket matches being played during election time. Attendance at election rallies simply dwindles. But the problem has been resolved by installing huge TV screens at venues to attract voters. Some years ago Bharatiya Janata Party leader L K Advani on a tour of India found little audience because of a cricket tournament. Advani's rath (a specially designed bus with state-of-the-art comforts and technology) was quickly fitted with TV screens to telecast the matches live. Viola ! In trooped the crowds. </p> <p>The world controlling organization Imperial Cricket Club founded in 1909, morphed into International Cricket Conference in 1989. It now has 97 members; 10 full Members that play official 5 day long Test matches, 32 Associate Members, and 55 Affiliate Members. But the control is still manipulated by the white man (or his proxy). But India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh now provide half the top teams and should become the decider region.</p> <p>Even before the second world war, as US economic muscle grew, the international financial centre shifted from London to Wall Street, New York. Washington with 25% contributions to UN income bullies it to toe its line. The HQ of ICC has already moved away from London to Sharjah in UAE towards the sub-continent. </p> <p>The unspoken simmering tensions between the whites, the former rulers, and brown-blacks, the subjects, erupted into an almost open split a few years ago in South Africa after white umpires and arbiters unduly penalized Indian, Pakistani and Sri Lankan players, while white players were let off lightly for infringing the rules. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka have won the Cup once unlike the English, the New Zealanders and South Africans. West Indies twice and Australia thrice, the latter are the firm favorites for 2007. </p> <p>A tragic element was added by the assassination of Pakistani coach Bob Woolmer, a white South African, soon after Pakistan's shock defeat by Ireland. Like other East West conflicts say in Iraq or Palestine , Western media hacks started coloring up the truth and accused Pakistan players by innuendos. Yes , there have been accidents and unsavory incidents. Umpires have been beaten up in the past sometimes, in the West Indies, when a local hero was given out. But an English eleven on a Pakistan tour, a few decades ago, took the cake. Unhappy with the Pakistani umpire's decisions, one evening it cornered him, smothered his head with a towel and bashed him up. Now only one of the umpires is local in bilateral games while neutrals stand for other games. The abrasive Australians while touring India with its media launch aggressive campaign against Indian umpires in the media. The gentle and timid Indians end up erring in their favor. </p> <p>It was heartening that London's the Guardian, which is quite objective on Arab- Israel dispute, Iraq, and even Iran (not when British James Bonds intrude into Iranian waters), took a balanced approach to the Cup happenings. In "This innuendo about the Pakistan team is a disgrace ", Mike Marqese wrote on 26 March --that the reaction has more to do with stereotyping and hyperbole than the facts. <br> <br> "It is a serious matter - as umpire Darrell Hair found out - to accuse a team, purely on the basis of supposition, of cheating to win a cricket match. It is an even more serious matter to accuse a team, or a player, of taking bribes to lose a match. But to accuse a player or a team of being involved in the death of their coach raises the stakes by several orders of magnitude." Hyperbole may be the bane of sports journalism but "The rush to judgment here is fuelled by that other bane of sports journalism, national stereotyping." <br> <br> A quick verdict on Woolmer 's death would have taken away what ever attention remains from the Cup so it is as well that investigators are taking their own time. <br> <br> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">BBC and MK </span></b></p> <p>But trust Tony Blair's BBC, which gave only 2% time to the opposition viewpoint on the US-K led illegal war on Iraq with its objectivity when analyzed being the worst of the western channels i.e. CNN, ABC, DEF and others, to keep up the usual refrain.</p> <p>In a piece titled" Is India's slip good for cricket? "on BBC website of 27 March, 2007, wrote one Mukul Kesvan (MK) [ Author of 'Men in White' - a book on cricket , what else] , that purging of Pakistan and India, the dysfunctional giants of South Asian cricket would act as a tonic to the Cup and make it a happier, less toxic tournament. </p> <p>Continued MK "The arena-like excitement of ODIs was tailor-made for that great South Asian sport, chauvinism." "Defeat, especially at the hands of the old enemy, led to a suspension of cricketing relations (India stopped playing Pakistan in Sharjah after a sequence of defeats led to allegations of foul play) [The cheating etc is well established and the atmosphere generated only hate between Indian and Pakistani spectators –something West loves. But how Indian spectators clapped Pakistan's victory in Chennai and Pakistanis almost to a man stood up earlier cheering an Indian win, in hot spot Karachi, when the two resumed playing after many years in 2004.]<br> <br> "The rise of the bookie and the phenomenon of match-fixing which nearly destroyed cricket's credibility as a competitive sport, was a by-product of the new South Asian audience for one-day cricket. – "The corruption that bookies have brought to the game has had foreign recruits like the late South African captain, Hansie Cronje, but it remains a sub-continental blight. <br> <br> " And these bookies, these villains are South Asian - located in India and Pakistan for the most part, countries where the criminalization of betting has driven the betting 'industry' underground.--Cricket will buckle under the weight of the sullen, thin-skinned nationalism that Indian and Pakistani fans bring to the game and it can certainly do without the bookie-driven corruption that feeds off this perverse enthusiasm." <br> <br> Of course MK 's book, advertised above will sell to even whites if written in a similar vein and BBC is delighted a brown man is trashing South Asians. He would even be invited to well paid seminars in the West . But MK is either being to BBC what Tony Blair is to George Bush or exposing his ignorance about the world of sports in which West dominates or tries to by hook and mostly by crook. Sports and arena combats remain vehicles of chauvinism and nationalism since the days of ancient Geek Olympics and Roman gladiator games. </p> <p>On England's loss to New Zealand, commented Simon Hattenstone, "In September 2005 Andrew Flintoff was a national hero. England had won the Ashes and Freddie went on the lash for 32 hours. How we cheered when he told David Gower, the morning after the night before but not yet halfway through his epic bender, "To be honest with you, David, I'm struggling. I've not been to bed yet and the eyes behind these glasses tell a thousand stories." </p> <p>"We celebrated with him, we laughed at the story that he urinated in the garden at No10, we marveled he was still upright as he walked off the bus, the word "twat" scrawled on his head. </p> <p>"Eighteen months and one Ashes whitewash on, Flintoff is a national disgrace. After spending the night drinking following World Cup defeat by New Zealand, "borrowing" a pedalo (now known as a Fredalo) for a jape, capsizing and nearly drowning, he has been relieved of the vice-captaincy and outed by the management team as a serial drinker with a problem. Am I the only one confused? What are the rules - you can only drink when you're winning?" </p> <p>After the match fixing scandals exploded, top Indian cricketers like Azharuddin , Ajay Jadeja and others were banned from playing, In 1994 Salim Malik was accused of attempted bribery by Shane Warne and Mark Waugh but they themselves accepted payment from bookies for providing information, an incident which was downplayed by Australian authorities. South Africans are wary of letting some of its stars investigated in India. </p> <p>Does MK watch proletarian but immensely more popular football game. He has perhaps not heard of English football fans, the hooligans, any day much worse than the Indian fans .They acquired notoriety across the continent and gave nightmares on match evenings to European police till they were tackled on a war footing by combined EU forces. Teams and venues where fans indulged in hooliganism, were punished. The Turks in Istanbul were ready when fans of an English club came over to play, injuring and even killing some of them.</p> <p>English footballer Beckham, past his prime, is still hero worshipped at home, even when he was benched by his Spanish Football Club, which bought this brand, shelling out tens of millions of Euros. Now the 'Bend like Beckham ' brand will play football, where else but in USA , the mother of all brand names, where the game is called soccer.</p> <p>As for money, match fixing and corruption, the dictator- coaches (Compared to English coach Ferguson and others, poor Greg Chapell is but a lamb and Wright only a kid when dealing with the Indian matador cricketers .Or Woolmer was allegedly slapped by Shohaib Akhtar), not only football but most games like boxing, tennis, cycling, athletics et al are brimming over. But so much money is involved that no one dare expose the corrosive truth. A few revelations only indicate the tip of the tip of the iceberg. </p> <p>Some controversy was added when Sunil Gavaskar rightly criticized the uncouth behavior of Australian cricketers who now are at the top in both the Test cricket and ODIs. West Indies ruled cricket for a decade black washing the Australians time and again but they remained gentlemen players. Unfortunately the Australians have reduced the game to fisher men brawls or miners quarrels. While Sunil's example of Australian cricketer David Hookes who was killed in a brawl outside a nightclub was unfortunate, for which Sunil, the gentleman, soon apologized but whole of Australia came down on him heavily.</p> <p>Recently after the Australians had won and received the Champions Cup in Mumbai, India from BCCI President Sharad Pawar, a senior Minister in the Indian Government, they pushed him off for a photo op, in full public view, causing great consternation and anger in India .Would Australian footballers imitate their abrasive and foul mouthed cricket champions in bruising and abusive play in Istanbul if their level got that advanced. </p> <p>But this kind of behavior is only to be expected from the Australians, including their politicians, diplomats and journalists. In fact the Australians glory in being boorish and uncivilized. Recently Prime Minister Howard criticized Obama ,an Afro-American Democratic presidential candidate, and injected racial overtones. An Australian newspaper commented that Howard would normally cross the road to insult a political opponent but this time he crossed a continent. He was properly dealt with by Obama which in cricket parlance would mean hit for a six. </p> <p>It is said that English captain Sir Wally Hammond would avoid shaking the Australians by hand, with some persons implying because of his distaste for Australia being a former Penal colony. </p> <p>To eliminate coarse and unbecoming behavior many sport associations have taken stringent measures, specially in Tennis . Swearing, shouting even hitting the ground with the racket, called racket abuse, is penalized. Such measures must be introduced so that the gentleman's game of cricket does not descend to a wrestling arena for exchanging abuses. </p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Racism</span></b></p> <p>The Greek victory over Persians at Marathon in 490 BC, which the colonial and neo-liberal historians claim the first of the West over East, is now rubbed in as the Marathon race in Olympic games. Is it not a celebration of racism? What if an Iranian won it. Now a days athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya dominate it. How about naming some equestrian event as Manzikert Cup to celebrate Turkish horsemen victory over the Byzantine cavalry in 1071 near lake Van, which took the Turks right up to gates of Vienna? </p> <p>There is an old cricket story about Sir Ranjit Sinhji (Ranji), a petty Indian Prince of Kathiawar, who invented the leg glance and played for England. After he had executed an elegant leg glance against arch enemy Australia, an English Lord remarked proudly-'one of our own Princes'. Ranji was out the next ball ."Dirty nigger", exploded His Lordship. The English are jolly good sportsmen when winning but not when losing. The national Indian cricket championship honors Ranji who some claim did not even deign to don Indian colors. </p> <p>The football players from impoverished Africa, physically fitter and hungry for wealth and fame, now dominate many Clubs in Europe and national teams. Look at the French, the English and the Dutch teams color compositions. But racism, which has surfaced afresh in European society after the demise of secular and egalitarian communist and socialist block is becoming a cancer in Europe. Many teams have been warned after their supporters indulged in racist chants and actions. Of course racism is not chauvinism. As for south Asian chauvinism, what is Western nationalism but official racist chauvinism? </p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Doping of athletes</span></b></p> <p>Doping or administration of drugs to enhance athletic or other performances is an ancient practice. Roman gladiators used stimulants such as strychnine to pump themselves up for a battle. Some skeletons when examined confirmed this. In modern times the word appeared in the early 1900s. Doping is done through gene therapy i.e. by inserting genes into a cell which instruct the body to produce large amounts of a hormone, protein, or other natural substance that enhance performance. With the hope that these doping drugs would not be detected. </p> <p>There have been complaints of doping of cricketers. Drunkenness with allied activities among British cricketers are well documented and reported with glee and envy in English tabloids. Before the current cup two Pakistan fast bowlers Rawalpindi Express Shoaib Akhtar and Mohamad Asif were withdrawn at the last moment. They had flunked the dope tests but were then cleared. Australian leg spinner Shane Warne was banned only for a year, when his mother administered him performance enhancing drug (always blame the poor mother) and not two or three, otherwise how could he have established the record of highest number of wickets. Sri Lanka spinner Muralitharn, who is likely to overhaul it was harassed and no balled by Australian umpires and not others to make life more difficult for him. </p> <p>There are numerous examples of doping in recent history from other sports, specially athletics. Sprinter Marion Jones of USA, who won five Olympic gold medals, allegedly used drugs. Once the testing methods improved and someone blew the whistle on dope makers, her performance slipped dramatically. And of many others. Boxer Jason Giambi of New York says he turned to steroids beginning in 2001. Ken Caminiti, once an 'Outstanding Player' insisted half the players in baseball shared his steroid weakness, he died at 41 of a cocaine overdose. <br> <br> Of course Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who lowered the old 100-meter mark at the 1988 Olympics, was found using illicit testosterone. But Carl Lewis, his rival and supposedly Mr. Clean and a loud one for two decades, had reportedly failed drug tests before the '88 Olympics (the charges came only after his retirement).</p> <p>And of course the ever popular Diego Maradona from the slums of Argentina - the Pele of the generation- was expelled from the 1994 World Cup after testing positive for too many drugs to count. Apart from American Tour de France star Lance Armstrong since 1999, Richard Virenque of France, Italy's Marco Pantani (dead) of a drug overdose last winter) and, most recently, Tyler Hamilton of the United States have all tested positive for steroids or blood-enhancing EPO. </p> <p>Reminds one of many western politicians and media, with CIA chief claiming a 'slam dunk' proof of Iraq buying Uranium from Niger, weapons of mass destruction and Iraq's linkage with Al Qaeda, as the causes belli for attacking Iraq. All turned out to be lies and spins. USA remains a super power in manipulating world sports and inventing better masking of drugs than Canada, so Lewis gained over Johnson. Soviet Union and the East block nations did well in sports and games and were often accused by the Western media of doping. But after the Fall of the Berlin Wall, athletes and sportspersons from those nations are doing very well, with Russia producing an array of female star tennis players, some very attractive ones too. Impoverished US Blacks do well in athletics and sports (and music) because of better physique (and sense of rhythm) and also because these are the only fields left open to them. </p> <p>The list of doping is long and endless. It is like a cat and mouse game, with big powers helping out their athletes and players. I am convinced that majority of sportsmen and women use drugs. </p> <p>India's Loss to Bangladesh and the Third battle of Panipat </p> <p>The loss to Bangladesh raised as much storm as the stunning defeat at Panipat in 1761 might have . If the team India was coached by Australian Greg Chappell then the fighting forces of Hindustan were trained by French artillery experts and were led by Maratha Chieftain Sadashiv Bhau, with Vitthal Vinchurkar and Damaji Gaikwad in toe . <br> <br> The World Cup debacle took place under the leadership of Marathas again. BCCI is headed by Maratha chieftain Sharad Pawar with another Maratha Dilip Vengsarkar, the chief of selectors. Sachin Tendulkar, who once reminded the all time great Don Bradman of himself was an abysmal failure both against Bangladesh and Sri Lanka . <br> <br> Tendulkar has averaged 12 against Australia in the last five matches, less than 25 in the last five matches against South Africa and 19 in the last five matches against Sri Lanka. He is tarnishing his own pristine record and image. No one now talks of him along with Ricky Ponting, Brian Lara or even Mohamad Yusuf of Pakistan. <br> <br> Wrote New Zealand's Richard Hadlee, one of the greatest all rounders and selector; "Aching muscles, taking longer to get over injuries, lack of desire to train or practice, boredom when playing, lack of enjoyment, having achieved one's goals leaving nothing else to strive for and picking up a pay packet for the wrong reasons -- all these are sure indicators that it is time to call it quits." <br> <br> Ian Chappell, Greg's, equally brilliant elder brother and cricket captain, but not beyond using underhand trick or bowling, also suggested that Tendulkar retire. Lara and Pakistan captain Inzzeman have retired from ODIs. <br> <br> Like dissensions in Panipat, there were differences with the coach and among Indian players, with Bengali Saurav refusing to speed up scoring in team's interest. In Panipat, it was a battle lost by Marathas than won by Afghans. There were strategic blunders and internal bickering. The Panipat battle was won by young reserve Afghan troops of Ahmed Shah Abdali, as was the match by young enthusiastic Bangladesh lads. </p> <p>But Indian players, like politicians, refuse to retire as there is so much money now, Ganguly being the example. And how the regionalism raises its head. When Ganguly was rightly outed from the team, the whole of Bengal batted for him, including politicians, even in the Parliament. If the politicians had a free hand they might even demand reservations based on caste quota. <br> <br> <b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Indian Cricketers</span></b><br> <br> Now a days millionaire Indian cricketers behave like matadors, not realizing that they are more like gladiators and failure means death and financial oblivion. Indian cricketers rarely surprise me. </p> <p>But I was surprised that they were beaten by Bangladesh even though they had not done too well in tours of West Indies and South Africa or in the Champions' Trophy .The team had not jelled. Some of the players were trying to get into form against Sri Lanka at home. Injured earlier, Yuvraj Singh did not have enough match practice and ran himself out against Sri Lanka. It was also a mistake to put the future of Indian innings and the team by trying to get Viru Shewag into form against Bangladesh, which had beaten not only India earlier but even humbled the mighty Australia. Sri Lanka were in good nick .This put pressure on Shewag and on the other opener, Robin Uthappa, who could not be sure of his place and feel settled. </p> <p>Shewag might have scored the first ever and only Indian triple Test century, but he relies purely on body balance and timing. Wealth from endorsements and age slow one down. Coach John Wright used to say that Sehwag was fearless but family responsibilities bring on anxiety. One wrong slice over the slips, a four or even a six in the past could now cost him and family tens of millions of rupees in lost endorsements. </p> <p>Frankly, Dravid is not a great captain, certainly not at par with Ganguly. It was considered a great sacrifice on Dravid's part when he opted to open in Pakistan, when Ganguly's position was in doubt. It appeared basically a team ploy to keep Saurav out of the eleven. If only Saurav had justified his place in the team. But he would make an excellent non-playing captain. </p> <p>In many countries politicians happily become ordinary ministers after having been Prime Ministers, but not in caste ridden India. Saurav's return did cause some tensions. Sachin' elevation to Vice Captain was to keep him out if Dravid was disabled. When Saurav was penalized for 4 matches, he should have utilized the time to correct his flaws, which he had to do eventually. But as in Indian politics, a week is a long time. </p> <p>In some ways Sachin is like Byon Borg of Tennis, an outstanding player but unable to handle personal matters and would face post retirement blues. On the cricket battlefield masses and sponsors want performance. Commitments and dedication alone won't do. There are thousands of young dedicated Indians waiting in the wings. </p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Some High tides in Indian cricket</span></b></p> <p>In 1983 , I was posted at Bucharest and had gone out with my son Tinoo for lunch at the Japanese ambassador's villa on lakes Snagov. The other ambassadors were somewhat intrigued by my trying to get hold of a transistor, as there was no international crisis. Indian score of 183 depressed me. We came back home and before going for my siesta Tinoo wanted to listen to the scores. I said we would lose in any case, so why bother. He even said that there could be miracles but seeing my mood gave up . But I was woken up by the Pakistani Ambassador who congratulated me on the victory. I said why are you pulling my leg. Only when he insisted I tuned in and was absolutely delighted. In return in Amman in 1992, in spite of Pakistan 's indifferent form in the league matches, I had bet with the Ambassador for their winning the Cup and went over for celebrations with champagne.</p> <p>After the 1983 World Cup triumph India won comfortably the champions Trophy in Australia. In January 1985 India was playing against Pakistan in Sharjah and before going to the airport to take a flight to Bucharest via Karachi I listened to the commentary in late Vijay Tripathi's room in PMO. It was an unflattering score of hundred something but there was hope. When the door of Indian Airlines opened at Karachi and I stepped out, from the ladders bottom below, my host Consul General G Parthasarathy said loudly, all out for 87.</p> <p>The Indian team did surprise me during Australia's tour of India in 2003, especially in the turnaround test in Calcutta .With the cohesion and the momentum forged under Saurav, team India did very well in the tests series in Australia too, which I followed over the internet from Brussels. Saurav himself scored a brilliant century (nothing like that has followed since then) in the first Test when as usual India had almost collapsed. On the whole everyone rose to the occasion, specially in batting and did splendidly well. But for some doubtful umpiring decision to give a resounding farewell to Australian captain Steve Waugh we ought to have won. Saurav, with his strong personality transformed a regional Indian team into Saurav team. Still he was amiss in insisting on having Bengal mate Deepankar Dasgupta and mascot Parthiv Patel in the team. </p> <p>The victorious matadors on return home, got married, made pots of money and basked in adulation. But the team was still hungry with new find Irfan Pathan and Balaji and carried on their momentum in the series in an overawed Pakistan. All that Pakistan coach Javed Miandad would do in ODIs, was to signal from the dressing room to the last Pakistan batsman to hit a six, which he once did in Sharjah. With their coffers full following the Indian visit, Pakistan could afford a foreign coach and did rather well except for the latest fiasco. It is from the money from Indian matches that Bangladesh could also afford a foreign coach. </p> <p>When the team India returned home from Pakistan, the gladiators collected all the kudos, bachelors got married, put on weight and tried to live on their reputation. Under Chappell's coaching, the youngsters were enthused and the team did well but the old matadors would not be disciplined. The Zimbabwe visit resulted in a totally out of form Ganguly being rightly deprived of the captaincy. But it ignited Bengali nationalism in full. Zahir Khan went on a 'study tour 'of English counties and returned a better bowler. The team did well at home but in the last West Indies visit and since then the performance was uninspiring. </p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Money remains the motivation</span></b></p> <p>With sustained economic growth and increasing wealth every one is coming over to India for a slice of the pie. Seeing religion like passion for cricket in India and sensing the despair over cricket defeat and potential for making hay by filling the void FIFA President Sepp Blatter on the first ever visit by a President said "We want to wake up the sleeping giant. In the 1960s, the national team was good, but India has probably lost its way." Western investors or the British on a weapons sale pitch always repeat this never failing mantra of a great power on a people hungry for greatness." </p> <p>A few years ago, suddenly, the international fashion industry entered the bludgeoning Indian cosmetic market by selecting a few Indian beauties at international contests. As if Indian women suddenly became beautiful (One from Nigeria too, the largest and richest nation in Africa. It is another matter that the concept of beauty in Nigeria is for bosomy and bottomy ones). It was just an opportunity for fashion corporate interests to cash in. </p> <p>India now has former Test cricketers from all over the world pouring into India at the drop of a hat, for well paid commentaries and writing columns, many ghost written by Indians. Just cashing on brand names. They have all come to love India, for its money. Mr Geoff Boycott, perhaps the most boring killjoy opening batsman, is often in India .To earn popularity he named Saurav, the Prince, but in his heydays would not even deign visiting India with MCC teams. Nowhere else were visiting cricketers treated better than in India even then, but for Mr Geoff Boycott, there was perhaps not enough moolah. To partake in the sudden popularity of MS Dhoni, even wily Commando Gen Musharraf dipped in by publicly admiring his long locks. But after his totally abysmal performance, public is now attacking his villa with a swimming pool et al.. As if Solomon has lost his locks. </p> <p>A large number of young Indians, even from small towns, because of tremendous amount of money as rewards, are being attracted into cricket, with full support from their families, especially mothers. Thus spreading the net for selecting boys from larger numbers in a population of over one billion. The number of boys who have dedicated themselves to the hard task of fast bowlers is commendable and the results are there to see. At no time in the past was there such a glut of fast bowlers. In fact if one falters then twice that many youngsters are ready to fill the breach. But the problems are the immovable batsmen.</p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Indian diet and genes</span></b></p> <p>In early 1990s in Ankara, I invited for lunch a young Indian Davis cup player, whose father was top world ranked player in another game and asked him why India did not do well in Tennis or other sports. He replied that perhaps there was something in the Western genes which made them superior physically. While waiting for some consular problem to be resolved, another Indian Davis cup player told me in Paris in 1970s why Vijay Amritraj, who was considered as good as Jimmy Connors and Byon Borg did not realize his potential. Because in spite of all the talent Amritraj was just not prepared to go through the grind of 10 hours practice day in and day out as most Westerners do. </p> <p>It is said that Srinath, the best medium fast bowler after Kapil Dev was a vegetarian. When he asked for tips from a Pakistani veteran he was advised to first add chicken to his diet for strength and stamina if he wanted to be a fast bowler. Look at Indians' diet, the poor ones barely exist. Among the middle and rich classes the diet is not conducive to good health and stamina. Except for some 'outcasts' and tribals, and Rajputs, majority of the Indians have been vegetarians for millennia. Potatoes, chilies, tomatoes, were introduced by invaders. Protein rich Soya, healthy Sun flower oil are recent additions. Apart from wheat and rice, what did average Indian live on, useless protein less vegetables, lauki and tori and some beans and lentils for proteins, over centuries and centuries. The genetic results, physically dwarfed specimens are there for all to see. In games like Rugby we dare not even participate, not even our army teams, bastions of physical fitness.</p> <p>The nuvo-riche with rich diets and not enough exercise are becoming prone to cardiac and other diseases. Before ample number of Indians can afford healthy food and acquire sporting habits , we must select people, who have lived on a meat diet of whatever kind and those living active hard lives. Kenyans from certain hilly areas are doing exceptionally well in middle and long distance runs .So are the Ethiopians. But we would have leaders of creamy layers thrusting their boys if coaching academies are established. </p> <p><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Some Observations</span></b></p> <p>In Indian political tradition BCCI head Pawar announced 'drastic measures' to set things right , including committees. When things go wrong in a ministry or in district, in spite of the politicians being mostly responsible, the civil servants end up as scapegoats and are punished. The blame has been passed on to others by BCCI. Ajit Wadekar, under whose captaincy came first ever Indian cricket wins abroad in West Indies and England was right when he suggested that Pawar must resign.</p> <p>But the myth of ministerial responsibility, if it were ever true, expired long ago. Indian sports authorities have been taken over by politicians (followed by policemen) and used for political and economic gains and have suffered. It is a sub-continental disease, politicians messing up sports, in Pakistan, it is the generals. For all his faults it was a businessman Dalmiya who by increasing cricket revenues attracted enormous talent for the game in India and strengthened BCCI's leverage against white dominated ICC.</p> <p>Another major problem in India's culture and religion is stress on individuality. For example individual religious salvation unlike say in Islam, Buddhism or Sikh religion, where generally the emphasis is on community approach. Or in music where like in the West the orchestra never took roots. Another example is research papers produced by Indians. A survey of research articles some years ago showed joint authorship as follows: India ( 3.6%), UK (20.4%), USA (44%). Single authorship, India (65.50), USA (35.6%).Therefore, in team events, Indians do not do well. They might do quite well in individual games like Tennis or Badminton or individually in Cricket. </p> <p>Speculative by nature Indians look for a miracle- a short-cut, hence the popularity of a chance game, like Cricket specially ODIs. Indian players become experts in drop shots in Tennis and Badminton or bowl deceptive googly. It is well established that if one works hard, 10-12 hours a day to build up stamina, strength, ability and mental resilience, after 8/10 years, one can reach World level in Tennis or Badminton but barring Krishnans and Amritraj brothers in Tennis and in Badminton, players and athletes of world standard rarely emerge from the Indian soil. </p> <p>Krishnans and Padukone were masters of the touch-game i.e. drop shots and deception. Deception is sanctioned even in divine manifestation. Rama hiding behind a tree to kill Bali or lies about the setting Sun to kill Jaydrath or false death of Aswathama (horse) in Mahabharata. </p> <p>One cannot blame the Indian climate entirely, as some tend to do, since the climate of Indonesia, Thailand is no less innervating than of India, but Indonesians, Thais and Malaysians keep on producing one world champion after another in the game of their choice, Badminton. They beat Indians in most other sports too like football. Look at our abysmal record. Poverty cannot be the sole reason either. Why cannot we produce world-cup footballers as do the slums of Brazil, Argentina, and other nations in Latin America.</p> <p>What really focuses and still fascinates the Indian mind is the 1983 win. Faced by a hostile West Indies attack India were dismissed for 183. But it was an astonishing catch by skipper Kapil Dev who sprinted back 20 yards to latch onto the skier from the marauding blade of the great Viv Richards. It turned the game around and the famed West Indies batting machine inexplicably failed by 43 runs. Earlier India got a real scare when it was five wickets down for just 17 runs on board against lowly Zimbabwe. But an inspired Kapil innings of 175 saved the day. On the way Australia thrashed India by over 180 runs. Great believers in Astrology, the masses believe that miracles would and could occur again. </p> <p><b style=""><i style="">Greg Chappell "if you want to be like Australia, you can't run your cricket like Zimbabwe."</i></b></p> <p>For being a good coach you need other qualifications than just being good in that sport. Generally when India or Pakistan appoint retired stars as coaches, they owe allegiance to a region or are beholden to those who helped them in their career. They also have their favorites among the current crop of players. Politicians pressurize them. Generally they are unable to enforce discipline. Only a stern man like Greg can. If Kapil were made the coach, the players would say Bhraji ( elder brother ), let us drink beer- sheer and enjoy Murga (chicken). We will do the fielding practice tomorrow. They might take Sunil Gavaskar to Srikhand party or Bengali delicacies at Eden Gardens. </p> <p>Caste system has penetrated all walks of life including the game, in a modified way. Top batsmen and bowlers would not improve their fielding as if they are high caste Brahmins and Kshatryas would not do Shudra's (untouchables) work. Hindustan had no revolution and remains profession –born- into oriented. Even in time of perils, only the warrior classes were expected to fight the enemies .The Indian society did not evolve that all take all responsibilities. </p> <p>In politics, in many countries, say Turkey, politicians who have been Prime Ministers agree to become ministers in changing coalitions. Not In India. Once a Brahmin, the highest in hierarchy, always a Brahmin. The inappropriate Indian electoral system from a small island has only strengthened the pernicious caste system which along with regional and state loyalties has acquired a stranglehold in running of sports, both in training and selection. As in other matters Muslims suffer from similar caste prejudices in Pakistan, made worse by so called Ashraffs vs the converts. Former captains in Pakistani teams create problems there, made worse by Generals, who never shed their uniforms.</p> <p>In classic Indian hockey we had a fixed 1,2,3 and 5 system, which the Western put paid to when more of them took to the game. In football positions are exchangeable. This of course demands fitness and stamina. In Indian cricket all rounders have come up more by chance than a belief in tying everything. In school days the students would be classed as sportsmen or scholars. You could not excel in both. Sports need intelligence and resilience apart from stamina and skill at higher levels. Without brains you can go up only up to a point. For decades top policemen in Punjab recruited barely literate youngsters as Assistant Sub-inspectors, put them to playing hockey only. They did well for themselves and India too, till Europeans and Australia took to the game seriously and applied their all round training skills, making Indian tricolor fly at hockey meets now a days a rare thing.</p> <p>Only Foreign coaches have insisted on physical fitness, improved fielding and firmness in dealing with gladiators past their prime. Tendulkar is an exception being treated like God. In Australia with his recent poor performance he would have been shown the door as was Ganguly. In 1950s and 60s opening batsman Pankaj Roy was Bengals' permanent representative in the Indian XI. After 5 poor scores he would score a fifty and continue for another series. Ganguly's return created tensions. The methods introduced by Chappell were making some inroads into insidious south Asian disease. A foreign coach with strong personality is a must to overcome the disease. </p> <p><i style="">K Gajendra Singh, Indian ambassador (retired), served as ambassador to Turkey and Azerbaijan from August 1992 to April 1996. Prior to that, he served terms as ambassador to Jordan, Romania and Senegal. He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies. Copy right with the author. E-mail: <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a> </i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-34074094716591655162010-07-24T18:29:00.001-07:002010-07-24T18:29:52.546-07:00Influence of Buddhism on Islam<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; 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<a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>A-44 ,IFS Apartments </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">KGSingh@Yahoo.com<span style=""> </span>Mayur Vihar –Phase 1,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://tarafits-archives.blogspot.com/">http://tarafits.blogspot.com/</a><span style=""><span style=""> </span>Delhi 91, India</span> .</span></p> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br></span></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Influence of Buddhism on Islam </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Through out history, there was natural interaction through migration and conquest, travel and trade, between the Fertile Crescent, Asia Minor, Persia, Khorasan and Central Asia and Hindustan. Alexander the Macedonian went up to Bukhara and then north west Hindustan. Earlier some Indo- Aryan tribes like Mitannis had migrated from Eurasian steppes and ruled in upper Mesopotamia. Then the Arab armies marched north east and conquered areas up to the steppes. Then the Turkish tribes marched from eastern Asian steppes to Persia! and Turkey (and the Indian sub-continent). Then came Chengiz Khan and the Mongol hordes.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Culturally, linguistically, ethnically and spiritually there is no area in the world that has so much in common as that formed by the regions connecting the river basins of Euphrates, Tigris; Amu and Syr Darya: Indus and the Ganges. This is an area with a continuous history and cradle of most civilizations and religions; Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Zoroastrianism</span>, Manichaeism, Judaism and Christianity and Islam and their variations. The intermingling of Semitic, Indo-Iranian and Ural- Altaic languages with local languages produced a mosaic of new languages and tongues.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Influence of Buddhism in Central Asia perhaps started from the time of Greek King Menander in Bactria. During the rule of Kushana Emperor Kanishka (who was converted to Buddhism) from Peshawar, not only traders but also religious teachers moved freely throughout his Empire which then encompassed today's Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Xinjiang, Pakistan and Northern India and laid the foundations for the spread of Buddhism. Earlier Asoka had undertaken energetic steps to spread the Dhamma, but his efforts were more successful in South East Asia and Ceylon. Buddhism was taken to Central Asia either directly or via Tibet or Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang) where with little competition, it was easily accepted . But it was not so in Sogdiana and around it, where Zoroastrians were well entrenched, later came followers of <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Manichaeism</span> and Nestorian Christians. Conquerors (and traders) spread their religions, but they were also influenced by the cultures and the creeds of the ruled.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">To begin with in Buddhism symbols represented Buddha and Tantras. Sculpture representing Buddha in human form is a Greek contribution through Gandhara art from Afghanistan. Starting from Bactria, Buddhism evolved the concept of Bodhisattva Maitreya as incarnations for attaining Nirvana and return to guide and help the laity. This universal and secular religion found favour with Central Asian Turks and Mongols (also Uyghur's in Xinjiang) when it reached there.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Influence of Viharas and Stupas on <i>darghas</i> and <i>khankahs </i>in Central Asia</span></b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Excavations have revealed Viharas and Stupas all over eastern Turkistan, up to Bukhara and into Turkmenistan. To begin with, Stupas were built to keep sacred relics (of Buddha and some of his disciples) although Buddha himself was against such practices. Later Stupas became associated with the symbols of remains of saints and cemeteries. The respect and veneration is , perhaps ,based more on Aryan belief in Brahman or the Reality (Universal Soul) and Atman (individual Soul) with the saints having achieved the Union with the Reality. Prophet Mohammed had underlined that God and man are different. (Christians have still not resolved this dilemma fully). Miracles and veneration of dead persons are denounced in Quran (Sura XI, 31).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Stupas started as simple structures, as in Sanchi in Central India (1st or 2nd Cent BC) with a semi-spherical dome for the remains, fenced by a wall and 4 entrances and a Chhatri (umbrella symbolising the Lord and the Sovereign). Later a raised square platform was added under the dome with the structures then becoming more complex and sophisticated, adorned with sculptures like Bamiyan Buddhas and paintings (some times in caves i.e. in Ajanta and Barhaut in India). Viharas are monasteries with cells constructed around a court yard, with Stupa in the middle, for monks to stay during the heavy Indian monsoon rains. Normally the monks were not to attach themselves to any fixed place.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">With the spread of Buddhism Central Asians including Turks and Mongols adopted and assimilated phrases from Buddhism i.e. Sanskrit and Pali words like Nirvana =Nirvana (Nibanna), Dhamma =Dharma, Cindan =Chandan (sandalwood), used for funerary ceremony, Aratna =Ratan, Stup =Stupa, Mandal= Mandala, Chakra= Chakra, Bodhistava =Bodhistav, Bakshi (accountant)=Bhikku /Bhikshu (because a Bhikshu once did accounts for the Mongols) etc. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">An excavation in 1930s at Moghoki Attar mosque in Bukhara, perhaps the oldest surviving mosque in Central Asia, revealed under it ruins of a Zoroastrian temple destroyed by Arabs and an earlier Buddhist temple beneath it. The name Bukhara itself perhaps derives from Vihara. (Tashkent could be from Tashkhund; region of stones in Sanskrit). There are many ruins of Viharas and Stupas in Termez on Amu Darya (Uzbekistan), Merv (Turkmenistan), Afrasiab (Samarkand), Khojand etc in Ferghana valley and around Lake Issik Kul in Kyrgyzstan .Of course in Eastern Turkistan (and Tibet) apart from the ruins, many thousand old Buddhist manuscripts (300 pages found in Merv too) and books were recovered. Buddhist paintings have also been found in Afrasiab and elsewhere in Central Asia. It is not a simple coincidence that after Islam's arrival all these places became centres of Sufi Islam. From Stupas and Viharas have perhaps emerged sacred tombs, <i style="">khankahs<span style="">, darghas</span></i> and <i>madarsas</i>.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tombs were not popular in Arab heartland around Saudi Arabia. But the Persian, Turkish, Asian and African, even Berber Muslims accepted Pirs, Calandars, Sheikhs, Babas, Dervishes and others and their tombs became places of worship. Freedom loving eclectic nomads and others resisted Arab warriors in Sogdiana and Central Asia and their still austere Islam. It was only the modified, personalised and spiritual Islam of Persian Samanids based in Bukhara (Ismail's tomb looks like a simple Stupa) that was first accepted by Turks and others in Central Asia .To Islam had been added strands of local religions and beliefs .It is this form of Islam that was spread in India mostly by Sufi saints, but also by forced conversions or inducements.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sufism developed fully by 12<sup>th</sup> century by which time Arab Islam had been modified and enriched by streams from Persian, Central Asian and other religions, beliefs and philosophies .It was in the heartland of Arab Islam ie Baghdad and Aleppo, where Sufis saints Al Hajj (for insisting " Ana Al-haq "-I am the Truth) and Suhrawardy were martyred. Because of Sunni hostility tombs were erected much after the martyrdom of Imam Ali and Imam Hussein in Najaf and Karbala. The Wahhabis, Salafis remain deadly opposed to Sufism.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The major Sufi Tariqas ( ways) had central Asian origin or influence i.e., Qadiriyas, Nakshabandis (many current Turkish leaders are its adherents), Rumi's dervishes, Bektashis, the patron saint of non-Turkish (mostly Slav), non- <span style=""> </span>Muslim ( mostly Christian) born Janissary corps and top Administrators of the Ottoman Empire based on <i>devshirme</i> (slave ) system. Turkey's Shia Alevis' faith (majority from Turkmen Oghuz tribes) has strands from Christian, Shaman and other beliefs.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Intermingling of beliefs and faiths;</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Human wish to comprehend and experience the Reality is as old as the natural talent to transcend beyond oneself, until this faculty was dimmed by technological afflictions. There are glimpses of it in earliest Aryan writings like Vedas and Avestan, even among Greek philosophers like Orpheus, Pythagoras, Socrates and others .So the environment and tools existed before formal religions evolved or were revealed.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Buddha himself went through the whole gamut of experiments and meditations including Jain like and other austerities, Hindu systems before realisng Nirvana. And his path and method of meditation were modified in east India, Tibet, China and Japan. If Buddhism influenced the evolution of Sufi Islam then Buddhism itself was influenced earlier by other religions and practices.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Indo-Iranian religion Mithraism flowered between the 2nd and 4<sup>th</sup> centuries in the Roman world and became very popular among the Roman aristocracy, military leaders and soldiers, traders and slaves with powerful patrons among Roman emperors, like Commodus, Septimium Severus, Caraculla and others. Diocletian built a temple for Mithra near Vienna on Danube as "the Protector of the Empire". He was the god of Light and Sun, contract, loyalty and justice. Celebrations for Mithra's birthday on December 25, the sun's solstice, was so popular in the Asia that Christmas had to be shifted to this day from January 6 to make it acceptable among the masses. Christianity also took over many of the rituals and symbols of Mithraism, like baptism, resurrection and prayers to honor the Sun.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India's Sikh religion also known as <i>gurmat</i>, the teachings of the guru, founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539), combines many elements of Hinduism and Islam. Guru Nanak believed that one could come close to the God through meditation and devotion .God is the true guru and his divine word has come to the humanity through the 10 historical gurus. Their sacred scripture Adi Granth is also called "Guru Granth Saheb ". The Sikh temples are known as gurdwaras, Guru's door. Many Shi'ites <i>Ghulat</i> groups believe that Ali and the Imams are doors to God. When the Sunni Moghul emperors persecuted the Sikhs and their gurus, Sikh religion took to militancy and those who died for the panth ( gurus' path) became martyrs.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Human beings have evolved many paths to the Reality ie various Yoga systems; Tibetan, Zen, Vipassana and other Buddhist <i>Margs, Jewish</i> Kabbalah, Christian Hesychasm, Gurdjief way, Sufi Tariqas and Transcendental Meditation (TM) in modern times for spiritually challenged materialists. The masses accept what the saints and holy men they trust teach them.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">September4, 2004.Bucharest.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><i>(K Gajendra Singh, served as Indian Ambassador to Turkey and Azerbaijan in 1992-96. Prior to that, he served as ambassador to Jordan (during the 1990-91 Gulf war), Romania and Senegal. He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies. The views expressed here are his own.- Email-<a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com%29">Gajendrak@hotmail.com)</a></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mosque and tombs</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The word mosque itself derives from the Arabic <i>masjid</i>, "a place where one prostrates one's self (in front of God)." In earliest times any place could be used for private prayer with correct direction (<i>qiblah</i>, originally Jerusalem, but soon after Mecca). The collective prayer on Fridays, with a collective swearing of allegiance to the community's leadership also strengthens common bonds among all members of the Ummah.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">According to some experts, the Quran does not utter a word for or against the representation of living things. But from about the middle of the 8th century a prohibition was formally stated .It became a standard feature of Islamic thought, even though the form in which it was expressed varied from absolute to partial. It has been suggested that Islam developed this attitude when it came into contact with other cultures and it was felt that the dreaded idol worship might return. The Qur'an (Sura ix, 31) prohibits the veneration of holy men and saints. In early Islam there was no special embellishment of funerary sites; <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">'the tombs of the rich and </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">poor are! alike'. But the human desire to venerate and by many to be venerated is too old and deep rooted. </span>The first changes occurred through veneration of the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">tombs of holy persons. </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">It appears that </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the construction <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">of commemorative buildings over certain burial </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">places began </span>in the late 9th and 10th centuries <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">especially over those of Shi'ite saints. Then over the tombs, mostly </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">in Iran and Central <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Asia</span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">, of rulers of marginal or semi-independent regions, </span></span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">who often followed non-Sunni beliefs? T! hey were to project status symbols </span>of secular power and were rather <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ambitious .In contrast, the tombs of holy men </span>were simpler – which went towards satisfying the devotional needs of the population. Generally <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">complex ensembles grew up around the tombs of many </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">saints, like that of the mystic Sufi poet Jalal ud-Din Rumi, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">in Konya, or of Bayazid, in Bistam (1313).</span> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Therefore the earliest surviving tombs belong to <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Shi'ite persona; the shrine of Fatima, sister of </span>the Imam 'Ali ar-Rida at Qum, and that of the Imam <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">Ali in Najaf. </span>The earliest rulers' tombs are of 'Abbasid Caliphs al-Muntasir (in Samarra in <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">862)</span>,<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;"> al-Mu'tazz and al-Mohtadi</span> (<span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">built as a domed square building </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">enclosed in<b> </b></span>an octagonal ambulatory) and are <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">better preserved. </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">A </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">feature of royalty mausoleums was its concentration, like </span>the Timurid Shah-i Zinda ensemble in Samarqand of 14th and <span style="letter-spacing: 1.15pt;">15<sup>th</sup> </span>centuries or the Mamluk tombs of Cairo.<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;"> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mausoleums were also built to commemorate Biblical persons, companions of the Prophet and scholars, popular heroes and <i>ghazis </i>(fighters for the <span style="letter-spacing: -0.2pt;">Faith). </span>From 12th century secular mausoleums proliferated all over the world, in Egypt and Central Asia, northern and north-eastern Iran and Anatolia, and <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">also in India and North Africa. They continue to </span>be built, both for spiritual and secular leaders e.g., <span style="letter-spacing: -0.1pt;">Firdausi, </span><span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Avicenna, Umar Khayya! m, the late Agha Khan and the </span>poet-philosopher Iqbal, and particularly imposing structures for Riza Shah Pahlavl, Ataturk and <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">Mohammed Ali Jinnah.</span> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt;">The mausoleum<b> </b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">of the Samanids in Bukhara, commonly referred to as the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tomb of Isma'il, was constructed before 943 and consists of a square structure with a large central dome <span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">and four small corner ones set over a gallery. Especially </span>noteworthy is the use of bricks to create different pat<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">terns in its various parts.</span> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Then of course there are the famous imperial Moghul mausoleums, of Humayun (d. <span style="letter-spacing: 0.6pt;">1556)</span> in Delhi, built of red sandstone and white marble; and the marvel in marble, the Taj M<span style="letter-spacing: -0.05pt;">ahal, built in Agra by Emperor Shah Jehan for </span>his favourite queen Mumtaz Mahal. The mausoleum of Akbar (d. 1605) is at Sikandra, and of his son Jehangir <span style="letter-spacing: -0.15pt;">(d1627) near Lahore.</span> The word mausoleum comes from the structure built in Asia Minor (Bodrum -Western Turkey) for an Asian ruler, Mausolus by his Queen, around the time Alexander the Great passed that way. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-33676250056857066692010-07-24T08:56:00.001-07:002010-07-24T08:56:33.198-07:00WAS NEFERTITI, AN ARYAN PRINCESS? ARYAN MITANNIS FROM 1500 BC T0 1200 BC IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 12"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><link rel="themeData" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_themedata.thmx"><link rel="colorSchemeMapping" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtmlclip1%5C01%5Cclip_colorschememapping.xml"><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:SimSun; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-alt:宋体; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 680460288 22 0 262145 0;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:1; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-format:other; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 0 0 0 0 0;} @font-face {font-family:"\@SimSun"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1; mso-font-charset:134; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:3 680460288 22 0 262145 0;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} .MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in .75in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">IN SEARCH OF WASSUKKANI - CAPITAL OF PREVEDIC ARYAN KINGDOM OF MITANNIS FROM 1500 BC T0 1200 BC IN UPPER MESOPOTAMIA</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">WAS NEFERTITI, AN ARYAN PRINCESS?</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">24 June, 2000</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> TurkPulse ( Also a shorter piece in Turkish Daily News ,Ankara in 1997)</span></i></b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Amb. (Rtd) K.Gajendra Singh, Bucharest. </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Guest writer</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">(Ambassador Singh was the Indian ambassador in Bucharest and Ankara in the eighties and nineties. )</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">During the 1993 Navruj (spring) cease-fire by Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Ocalan's PKK, then fighting a savage war since 1984 against cultural discrimination in south-east Turkey, I decided to renew my knowledge of the region, known as Mesopotamia, Assyria, the Fertile Crescent in history. Home of over 40 civilisations, known as Asia minor and Anatolia in the past, Turkey has more Greek sites than Greece and more Roman monuments than Italy. From its capital Ankara I made my night halt 700 kms away in South at Antakya (Antioch), capital of Selucus Nikator's empire, Alexander's infantry commander against Porus in India, but when he tried to reclaim Alexander's domains he was defeated and fobbed off with 500 elephants by Chandra Gupta Maurya. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Next day I reached Urfa 300 kms east, where and at nearby Harran in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, Patriarch Abraham had halted on his way from Ur (in Iraq) to Hebron in Canaan (Palestine). Local legend has it that he was born here making it a centre of pilgrimage. Located at a strategic pass linking Anatolia to Mesopotamia, this ancient city was renamed Edessa by the Macedonians on way to Gaugamela where Alexander inflicted the final defeat on Darius III in 331 BC, terminating the Persian Achaemenean Empire.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Edessa</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, along with Antioch was one of the first major centres of Christianity, latter going over to the Monophysite heresy. Persecuted by Western Christians and then Muslim Arabs and Persians, many migrations took place from Edessa and the region to the Malabar coast specially in 4th, 5th and 9th centuries AD spreading the Christain Orthodox Church in Kerala. The relationship, though made complicated by the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch and the British, still continues between Kerala and east of Edessa in the Tur Abdin region, with Mardin, Midyat and Cizre dotted with old Churches and monasteries where Suryani, akin to Aramaic spoken by Jesus Christ, is still being taught . But now in the grip of Kurdish Turkish strife the numbers of Christians is fast dwindling. For centuries Mar Zaffran near Mardin was the seat of the Orthodox Church, now located in Syria.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In Urfa, ancient works and Greek classics, the basis of Western civilisation, were translated into Aramaic and Syriac which when the Arabs came over, were translated into Arabic. After the Crusaders took over the city, they were retranslated and 'recovered' for Europe, where they had been destroyed by barbarian invasions. Edessa survived many rulers and wars but like other cities it never recovered from the Mongol destruction. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Just south of Urfa is Harran of bee-hive houses, centre of the Moon cult, human sacrificing Sabbians and ancient Carrhae, where tablets inscribed with parts of the legends of Gilgamesh were discovered. Nearby the Parthians had captured Roman Emperor Crassus. It was the stomping ground of prophets like Elijah, Job, Shuyab and Jacob with the well where Rebecca gave him water. From Mardin, an ancient city at the edge on the hills one can see the immense Mesopotamian plains spread southwards to the Gulf . A series of hydro-electric projects, on the Euphrates, now under construction in the region will once again bring wealth and prosperity to upper Mesopotamia but the water diversion and implied threat of strategic flooding does not amuse the Syrians.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">But I was not looking for Abraham's transit halt, nor Guagamela or even Noah's tomb at Cizre (at the junction of Iran, Iraq and Turkish borders), but Wassukkani which between 1500 BC to 1200 BC was the capital of the Kingdom of Mitannis. They were an Indo-Aryan people, experts in chariot warfare, who worshipped the pre-vedic Aryan Gods Indra, Natasya, Mitra and Varuna and used pre-vedic Sanskrit. Not that I expected to find Wassukkani .That I shall leave to archaeologists and their benefactors, but if it were located and diggings started in my life time, it would be a matter of great satisfaction. For, unfortunately, none of the sites of the Mitanni Kingdom itself has been located and knowledge about them is based on sites in El Amarna Egypt and Bogazkoy in north-west Turkey. Wassukkanni was once thought to be Rais el Ain in Syria, just 80 kms east across from Harran, nowadays bristling with minefields and hostile sentries. But the Akkadian cuneiform tablets found at Amarna, when subjected to tests did not match. Wassukkanni is now believed to be up north in between Mardin, and 90 km up north from Diyarbakir (ancient Amida) now a Kurdish city, an area I traveled up and down .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The upper Mesopotamia region around the middle reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris was rich agriculture land and therefore, much sought after. Throughout history, because of its excellent location, for caravans bringing goods from India and the east, for connecting the Arabian desert to the Mediterranean and Asia Minor, it was much fought over. It is now divided between Turkey, Syria and Iraq with Iran not far away. But during 16th to 13th century BC, the dynasty of Mitannis flourished in the rich grain growing valleys of the rivers Balikh and Khabur, tributaries of the Euphrates, with mostly adversarial relations with Indo-European Hittites in Bogazkoy and generally close relations with the Egyptian Pharaohs. Mitannis perhaps came to this region through the Caucasus and had splintered off in the Eurasian Steppes from the main stream which continued on to Iran and India. They became the ruling aristocracy among the confederation of Hurrian, Hanigalbat and other states of the region which extended from the Zagros mountains in Iran through Assyria, upper Mesopotamia and Syria to the Mediterranean.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Information on Mitannis and their Kingdom first surfaced at the end of the 19th century when letters from the Mitanni King sent to his Pharaoh son-in-law were discovered at El Amarna and deciphered. The Egyptians called the Mitannis Naharinas. The other extensive and important source material was discovered in early 20th century at Bogazkoy 250 Km north east of Ankara, the stronghold of Hittites. Among the documents discovered were treaties between the Hittites and Mitannis in which reference was made to the Indo-Iranian gods Indra, Natasya, Mitra and Varuna and a treatise on horse training and chariotry in Hittite written by Kikkuli, a Mitanni who used ancient Vedic Sanskrit technical terms, thus also confirming Mitannian superiority in matters of horsemanship. The Egyptian Pharaohs had requested the Mitannis time and again for horses and chariots. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Other places where cuneiform documents in Akkadian and other languages throw light on Mitannis are Arraphka, Nuzi (near Kirkuk), Alalakh, a river port on Orontes (on the Turkish -Syrian border near Antioch) , Ugarit (Ras Shamra in Syria) on the Mediterranean, Mari on the river Euphrates. Ugarit was perhaps one of the greatest international sea ports of that time; for, owing to its location, it controlled trade between Syria, its hinterland and the East with the Aegean and the Mediterranean, with merchants and sailors from Egypt, Cyprus, Crete, Mycene and other places mingling here for trade and commerce. Documents from Nuzi describe certain social and religious traditions which are reflected in Hebrew legends recorded in the Old Testament .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The fact that the gods in the Treaties are Hindu vedic Daivya gods, Indra and Natasya along with Assura Iranian gods Mitra and Varuna, shows that the Aryan division into Iranians and Indians had yet not taken place; later on most of Daivya worshipping Aryans continued on to India and most of Assura worshipping Aryans stayed behind in Iran. Limiting the use of Indo-Aryan gods to the Treaties perhaps indicates that only the rulers were of Indo-Aryan origin. There is also evidence that the Royals were cremated. The chariot riding shock troops were called Marijannina linked with old Indian Vedic ie, Marya=youngman, old Avestan= a member of a group. Later this land owning aristocratic group became hereditary, ie even without chariots. The technical terms used in horse training and chariotry like aika wartanna, navartanna etc (one turn , nine turns ) are like ek vartanam, nava vartanam as in Vedic Sanskrit. A Hurrian text from Yorgan Tepe uses Indo-Aryan words to describe the colour of horses, ie babru (brown ) parita (grey ), pinkara (reddish ) etc. The beginnings of the Mitannis arrival are shrouded in mystery, but it seems that they took advantage of the collapse of the Empire established by Hammurabi (who gave the first code in human history, ie to protect the weak against the strong) . There are reasons to believe that the Kings of the Ashur between 1500 BC to 1360 BC were the vassals of the Mitannis. The Mitannis also crossed the Euphrates and exercised influence over the Amorites and Canaanites in the South.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The first and most important Mitanni king was Saustatar (1450 BC to 1440 BC). The others were Artatama (1440-1420),Vedic rta -dhaman= whose abode is the Rta, Shutarna (1420 to 1395), Artashumara (1395 to 1385), Tushratta = Vedic Tvesh- ratha, one whose chariot moves forward violently and Sattiwaza; in old Indo-Aryan sati-vaja = acquiring booty, old Vedic vaja -sati. While the etymology of names of all Mitanni kings has not been done, they are very different from Hurrian names. Rulers with similar names ruled in South Syria and Palestine. Shaustatar ruled around the same time as Pharaoh Thuthmosis III. In fact he made Thuthmosis's drive to conquer Syria, by supporting the small states there, very difficult leading to respect for each other. Later the Mitannis signed a peace treaty with the Pharaohs in order to counteract the Hittite threat from the North West . This was cemented with a Mitanni princess being married to a Pharaoh, but only after 7 requests. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Shaustatar's son Artatama sent his daughter Mutema as wife to Pharaoh Thuthmosis IV, grandson of Thutmosis III .Artatarna's successor Shutarna's daughter Gilukhepa was married to Amun hotep III . She went to her husband in style with 317 Mitannian maidens. Next, Tushratta gave his daughter Tadukhepa to Amun hotep IV, who also married Gilukhepa, youngest in his father's harem. It is generally believed that Gilukhepa was no other than the beautiful and famous Nefertiti. It is known that Nefertiti fully supported her husband' s efforts to bring in monotheism. It was from Egypt, where Moses was born and brought up that he led out the Jews with the idea of one God Jehovah. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The last semi-independent King was Mattiuzza, who was installed on the throne following a palace coup after the murder of Tushratha. He became a vassal of the Hittite king Shuppiluliuma who gave his daughter Mursil in marriage to Mattiuza. Thus the Mitanni dynasty came to be connected with both the Pharaohs and the Hittites. But after the alliance with the Hittites, the Mitannis were reduced to a smaller state with limited independence. As the Mitanni power decreased relations with the Pharaohs withered away. Some of its later kings were Shattwara and Wasasatta. Small Mitanni states lingered on for years. The Assyrians took advantage of the situation to assert their independence. They even raided the Mitanni capital Wassukkanni and took back the golden and silver gates which the Mitannis had brought from Assyria 200 years ago. Assyrian king Ashur Uballit I (1365 BC to1338 BC) ended the Mittani independence completely by defeating Shuttarna II. Over 14000 Mitannis were blinded. After this defeat, the Mitannis either got absorbed in the region or some of them went up north to form part of the Urartu Kingdom. Something like that had perhaps also happened to another Indo Aryan people the Kassites, who ruled earlier over Assyria for nearly 5 centuries, but apart from 300 words of their language and 30 odd gods not much is known about them.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In the Kingdom of Mitannis, also known that of Hurrians, the latter probably formed the majority, ie the other backward classes of those days. The Hurrians, whose language is neither Indo-European nor Semitic, were a non-Indo-European people and are believed to have come from Armenia and present day north east of Turkey. They were well distributed in the region, even in the Hittite areas. They were culturally well developed and their religion and other practices were adopted by the Hittites. The Hurrians also transmitted the Assyrian culture to the Hittites. Perhaps it was too early for the castes to emerge, but the Mitannis certainly appeared to be like the Kshatriyas; a word which comes from ratharias - charioteers, having superimposed themselves over the Hurrians. The Mitannis used Hurrian language but inducted into it Indo-Aryan vocabulary, as the Turks did in Persia, India in a way and elsewhere, ie using the language of the subjects, but retaining the military terms.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Hittites were an Indo-European people, the first to break away from the proto Indo-Europeans, who probably originated from the Black Sea coast of Russia and Ukraine. They had reached Asia Minor at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC via the straits of the Bosphorous and established a magnificent and impregnable capital at Hattusa, ie Bogazkoy next to Cappadocia (with its mysterious honeycombed underground cities and lunar landscape with eerie tall chimneys, where the earliest Christian communities built their churches). The name Hittites (referred as such in the Bible) is taken from Hattis, an indigenous people, whom the Hittites displaced and who then formed the lower substrata. The Hittites called themselves Nes and their language Nesiti. The Hittite King Hattusilis (reign 1650 to 1620 BC) consolidated the Kingdom and extended its control over most of Asia Minor and Northern Syria. His grandson Mursilis I raided down along the Euphrates river and destroyed the Amorite dynasty of Babylon, then one of the most cosmopolitan, rich and cultured cities. The austere highlanders felt out of place and far away from Hattussa and returned to their capital. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Then for some time they got embroiled in their own affairs and re-emerged as the new Empire in the 14th century BC. Under Suppililumas I it reached the height of its power, extent and culture. Tusharatta, the last independent Mitanni King, defeated the Hittites first time around, but Suppililuimas I then went north and east, taking Wassukkanni by surprise. Tushratta escaped to Carchemish, but the Mitanni power was broken and its glory came to an end. Suppliliumas put his sons as kings of Aleppo and Carchemish . Hittite king Muwatallis (1320 to 1294BC) fought at Kadesh (in Syria) one of the greatest battles of ancient times against Pharaoh Ramses II . It was probably indecisive, even though the latter claimed a victory. Later a peace treaty was signed and a marriage alliance concluded. The Hittites were tolerant in their religious outlook and their polytheism contained indigenous Anatolian, Syrian and Hurrian divinities. The Hittite King, deputy of the storm god, was also the commander in chief, chief judge and after death became a god.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The earliest Indo-Aryan writing in India occurs around 300 BC on Ashoka pillars, but it is really Prakrit. The ancient Sanskrit of Vedas, though transmitted orally was probably written down by 6th century BC. Thus the earliest written archaic Indo-Aryan/Indo-Iranian language has been found in Asia Minor and Syria. The Hittite language is the earliest known extinct form of Indo-European Language and the older Hittite texts (from 1650 BC to 1595 BC ) are the earliest texts found so far. In the later forms (1400 BC to 1190 BC) are to be found the Treaties and Treatise mentioned earlier, which are now on display at the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul along with other historical treasures, literally a sweep through time and history. But for a full and authentic account of the times and lives of the Mitannis and pre-vedic Aryans, we have to wait till Wassukkanni is located, dug and its findings deciphered. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-89136136911460906582010-02-26T11:11:00.000-08:002010-02-26T11:42:48.042-08:00DESTRUCTION OF WORLD’S EASTERN HERITAGE IN IRAQ: Eastern foundations of Western civilization<br> <div class="gmail_quote"><br> <div> <div></div> <div class="h5"><br> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div> <h1 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">FOUNDATION FOR INDO-TURKIC STUDIES<span> </span></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Tel/Fax ; 0040216374602<span> </span><span> </span>Amb (Rtd) K Gajendra Singh<span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Emails; <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com" target="_blank">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a><span> </span>Flat No 5, 3<sup>rd</sup> Floor </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>KGSingh@Yahoo.com<span> </span><span> </span>9, Sos Cotroceni,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Web site</span></u></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bucharest</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Romania</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ).</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.tarafits.com/" target="_blank">www.tarafits.com</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">9</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> July<b> </b>, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: maroon">South Asia Analysis Group <span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon">Paper 733<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon">9 July, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: maroon"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">DESTRUCTION OF WORLD'S EASTERN HERITAGE IN </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">IRAQ</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">: </span></b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Eastern foundations of Western civilization</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><span> </span><span> </span></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">by K Gajendra Singh <span style="COLOR: #3366ff">http;//<cite><a href="http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers8/paper733.html" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-STYLE: normal">www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers8/paper733.html</span></a></cite></span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'It would be a good idea.' Mahatma Gandhi, when asked about his views on western culture. </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There was an international cry and outrage in April and May, when following the collapse of the Saddam Hussein regime, US armed forces as the occupying power, had allowed the heritage Museum in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and other museums in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to be damaged and looted along with libraries, institutions and ministries, except for the ministry of oil (and the oil fields) In spite of warnings, the most comprehensive archives of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history were set ablaze. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s National Library smouldered for two days with its half a million books, newspapers and documents reduced to ashes. The Awqaf Library in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with more than 5,000 manuscripts was destroyed. The Saddam Manuscripts Library, with more than 40,000 manuscripts was looted. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dr Charles Tripp of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">School</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oriental</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and African Studies in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, who had used the Iraqi National Library in the 1980s said, 'It had newspapers from the 1920s and thousands of documents telling tales of the Ottoman period and the British mandate. Its hard to accept it is all gone. ' Mosul University Library with its valuable collections was also partly looted and burnt.' These collections offered a representative sample of the intellectual output of Islamic civilisation,' said Tim Winter, a divinity lecturer at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cambridge</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. 'The loss of a thousand years of scholarly interpretation will impoverish Islamic thought, and strengthen the extremists indifferent to it anyway. '</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history has been savagely massacred,' said Dr Irvine Finkle of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">British</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Museum</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. "To burn books is possibly the lowest form of human activity. Who would do this And why?"<u> </u></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">During the peak of anarchy, chaos and looting US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had commented "Free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things,"</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Professor Michalowski of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Michigan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> said that this was "a tragedy that has no parallel in world history; it is as if the Uffizi, the Louvre, or all the museums of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Washington</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> had been wiped out in one fell swoop". Professor Zinab Bahrani from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Columbia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> claimed that, "Blame must be placed with the Bush administration for a catastrophic destruction of culture unparalleled in modern history. " From Edinburgh Professor Trevor Watkins lamented that, "The loss of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s cultural heritage will go down in history - like the burning of the Library at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Britain</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> will be to blame. " Others used phrases such as cultural genocide and compared the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in particular to the Mongol invaders of 13th-century </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cultural heritage bodies in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">UK</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> had requested their governments to protect hospitals, schools and cultural institutions, but these requests were largely ignored. Martin Sullivan, Chairman of President's Advisory Committee on Cultural Property and its member Gary Vikan resigned because the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> military had had advance warning of the danger to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s historical treasures. "We certainly know the value of oil but we certainly don't know the value of historical artifacts," said Vikan, director of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Walters</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Art</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gallery</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baltimore</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On March 20, when US and its allies began their attack on Iraq with Stealth and B-52 bombers, Tomahawk cruise missiles, smart and stupid bombs, museums and curators, universities and scholars across the world were worried what that might do to monuments in Mesopotamia, the fertile crescent land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, the cradle of civilisations, the land of Nineveh, Babylon, Nimrud and Uruk, the world's first city. Where the Sumerians invented writing 5,000 years ago, where the epic of Gilgamesh, which formed the model for Noah and the flood, was committed to cuneiform writing 1500 years before Homer. The land of the Old Testament, of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tower</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Babel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, where Abraham, the father of the three great monotheistic religions, was born. The museum at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, with its oldest churches and from nearby </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nineveh</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has the remains of personality cult of Sennacherib, a seventh-century BC cruel Assyrian ruler. From nearby </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nimrud</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, the giant winged Assyrian bulls with human heads were stolen and now awe the visitors to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">British</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Museum</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. The attack on the museum in Saddam's home town of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tikrit</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was, perhaps, a 21<sup>st</sup> century symbolic strike at the personality cult of Saddam Hussein. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">So US pro-Consul in Iraq Paul Bremer allowed the gates of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s heritage museum to be opened on July 3 for some diplomats and media, with heavily armed </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> troops and black-uniformed Italian carabinieri providing security. But it was only a symbolic one day photo opportunity to convey the message that things were under control. The Museum once had one of the world's best collections of pre-Hellenic statuary, gold jewellery and cuneiform tablets "It's important that people know the museum is coming back. We hope to open properly within a year or two," said Dr Donny George, an Assyrian Christian and the museum's director of studies. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But a most remarkable thing has been the return of around 3000 priceless pieces under the "no questions asked "amnesty in which the clerics played an important role. Some looters brought back the stolen artifacts, after imams had threatened to ban thieves from worship at mosques. The retrieved treasures included a statue of King Shalmanezzer III from 852BC, the Warka vase - a 5ft-high alabaster vessel from 3000 BC, encircled by several layers of sculpted figures, still with traces of red and grain colouring. Another rare exhibit is the gold treasures of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nimrud</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> consisting of exquisitely crafted crowns, bracelets, cups and pendants discovered only in 1989 and rarely exhibited. These had been stored in a vault of the central bank and had survived the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> invasion, when the bank building was looted, set on fire and partly flooded. When the banks vaults were opened, bodies of looters killed in shoot-outs with rival gangs, were found inside, but the seals on the crates of the antiquities were intact. The collection had been carefully stored with thousands of pieces hidden in secure rooms around the museum, in vaults in the central bank and in bunkers around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. This was done according to plans drawn up for 1991 Gulf war.<span> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">But of the 42 most valuable items, 32 are still missing, including a bronze relief from 4000 BC, "worth 100 Mona Lisas. And many pieces still remained unaccounted, with thousands gone from the storerooms. The museum did not have an inventory of its collection, not even on a handwritten card index, let alone on a computer. Who stole the museum's best items would take time to find out. Dr George denied that some of the looting was done by museum staff. But it was not just vandalism, he added. It was clear that there were some professional thieves. "They had plans, glasscutters, and knowledge. We found keys brought by the looters. They opened the museum director's safe where they found other keys. " There are reports that some retrieved pieces are copies. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Why the initial reports of the losses were exaggerated remains a mystery but Dr George clarified that it was because of a misunderstanding that the 170,000 pieces were reported missing. He had only given the total number of objects. The reports had outraged the world making it a symbol of the lawlessness of postwar </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s failure to establish security after its quick victory. Now investigations are under way, with help from Interpol and FBI teams. It is quite possible that the reports of losses were intentionally exaggerated to attract world attention for provision of security by US authorities which was then lacking and to scare away the professional as well as amateur looters</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">While playing down the numbers stolen, Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, head of the investigating team appointed by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> said,<span> </span>"Almost 3,000 items have been recovered, but over 12,000 are still missing. " He divided the looters into three kinds, those who went through the public galleries, picking out the most valuable or easily transportable items. "They were selective in what they stole," he said. When it came to the items looted from storage chambers, two dynamics were visible. "One was absolute indiscriminate looting. Bags and boxes were taken from one end of the museum and dropped at the other." The "most troubling" thefts were of items "in the most remote corner of the most remote room. Other stuff on the way to it was not taken. You couldn't get there unless you knew it well. This was the priceless collection of cylinder seals and Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic coins". Under amnesty half the items were returned by people who took them for<span> </span>"safe keeping "or given by friends, the other 1,500 were seized after tip offs. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">About ancient monuments, experience with US armed forces is not very encouraging. American bulldozers had razed the ruins of Tell al-Lahm, south of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, during the 1991 Gulf war. The great arch of Ctesphion, still the widest unsupported brick arch in the world, was cracked by the vibrations of the American carpet bombing. John Curtis, the keeper of the department of the ancient near east at the British Museum, who visited Ur last year had little doubt the Americans strafed the ziggurat - a great, stepped pyramid - with heavy machine-gun fire the last time they passed that way. "Whether this was an accident, I couldn't say," he says. Another European invader Napolean had tested his artillery against </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cairo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s pyramids. Talibans had bombed Buddhist statues at Bamiyan in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> a few years ago, leading to international uproar.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On the other hand US and its allies point out that Iraqis have used ancient defences for parking tanks and point out that Iraqi airbase is in the shadow of the great ziggurat of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, city of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Abraham</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Incidentally "the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> airbase was built by the British in the days of its colonial mandate, when the RAF first demonstrated the civilising capabilities of bombing civilians from the air." Also if you put a machine-gun emplacement anywhere in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, for instance, it will only be next to antiquities. But that doesn't make </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> a valid target.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There was another reason for the Iraqis placing machine guns outside museums. After the last Gulf war, when Kurds and Shiites of Iraq were encouraged by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> president to rise up against Saddam, several important museums and archaeological sites were looted in the chaos. Of the 4,000 precious objects missing (many more were destroyed), most stolen items followed the well-worn route to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Switzerland</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and, finally, to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, where many Assyrian pieces, broken up for easier transit, ended up on the art market or in the back rooms of antiquarian dealers. As a pariah state, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> could not get them back through official channels, but the Iraqis were still trying to buy some of them back from western collectors when the 2003 invasion started." Any responsible government must protect their cultural heritage," said a western expert. Dan Cruickshank, the architectural historian whose film on the subject was screened by the BBC, said, 'It is simply not true that the people of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> looted their own museum,' 'they have far too much respect for their own heritage to do that, he added.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">For all his faults, Saddam Hussein was protective of archaeology, promoting it for a national rebirth and a repeat of the glories of the past, and comparing himself to Nebuchadnezzar (what about US presidents as Roman emperors ) who had built the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Hanging</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gardens</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Babylon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. His rebuilding the old city walls with bricks embossed with his own name next to that of Nebuchadnezzar was a crime against archaeology and aesthetics. But to protect </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s heritage as a patriotic duty, five years ago, 10 men from near </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> who had cut the head off an Assyrian winged bull at Khorsabad, were executed.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But such is the insatiable hunger of western collectors for eastern artifacts that Iraqis continue to loot and smuggle them out of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Some American and European experts say that most of the 33 missing items were taken in the first few hours of the collapse of Saddam's regime and were stolen 'to order'. Professor McGuire Gibson, an Oriental specialist from Chicago University and a member of the Unesco team investigating the thefts, had received reports that the 'top five' items among the 33 had been smuggled to Tehran and Paris within days of their removal. The loot of eastern heritage has continued since millennia. But ignorant Europeans have derided eastern civilization and culture. One ignorant Englishman gave more weight to works of William Shakespeare than the whole of Indian literature. Recently an uncouth Italian Prime minister described Muslims as culturally inferior.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MESOPOTAMIAN AND EASTERN FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION </span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In the arbitrary division of the world in to the West and the East along the straits of Bosporus, Dardanelles and Gibraltar ( from Arabic Jebel el Tariq ) or into Europe ( and USA ) and Asia, the Europeans first came in to contact with Asians and were either civilised or evolved their own civilization after encountering<span> </span>superior and existing civilizations in Asia. These Eastern countries i.e. Egypt, Syria, Iraq , Iran and Turkey, now Muslim countries, have fallen on bad days .In their heydays of the Muslim empires, the Arabs ruled and civilised most of Spain and Ottoman Turks reached right up to the Gates of Vienna . They developed and spread culture and civilised </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Classical Greek and Hellenic works were translated into Arabic and thus saved as these had been lost in the west. As conservative fundamentalist forces emerged on top, Muslim empires and civilisation decayed and they were colonised by the west with superior arms for waging wars. As had been done earlier by the Indo-Europeans, Turks and Mongols. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">It is rather unfortunate that Muslims, because of Islam 's origin in<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Arabian Peninsula</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> have classified everything that existed before it, even elsewhere, as Jahilya ( ignorance). Most lands conquered by the swords of Islam or Sufis and saints had ancient and flourishing civilisations. Thus, unfortunately little work has been done by Muslim countries to discover their hoary past, which are such rich sources of ancient history, culture, human thought and philosophy. Only tourism has made them take some interest in their past i.e. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and secular </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Even in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Government publications on their history start with 6th century Gök Turk empire (in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mongolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) and then come to 11<sup>th</sup> century AD after the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert by Turkic tribes. Thus a mis-conceived attempt is made to black out its pre-Greek, Greek, Hellenic, Roman and Byzantine past. The percentage of Turkic blood, mostly Turcomen would not be more than 15% in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Other examples are the governmental attitude to Pharaonic past in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valley</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Vedic past in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Most ancient Indo-Aryan and eastern writings were brought to world attention by western scholars. But some of them were not so enlightened and writing in 19<sup>th</sup> and first half of 20<sup>th</sup> century at the height of colonial period, tended to strengthen the notion of ruling white man's civilising mission and hence his superiority and supremacy over the native genius throughout history. The propensity of the Brahmins, the highest caste among Aryans, to control and keep everything to themselves i.e. their close family members or caste men led to lack of transparency and hindrance to the culture of writing. So there are few reliable records. Only the oral tradition remained. Lack of transparency persists even to this day in Indian polity encouraging nepotism, inefficiency and corruption. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is No 71 in world transparency order. Writing has been acknowledged as one of the most important tools of civilisation. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Apart from intrepid Buddhist travelers from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and others like Megesthnese, Alberuni, Ibn-batuta etc we have to rely mainly on Western sources or translations when it comes to the origins of history, religions, culture and civilisations.<span> </span>As for the western bias we can see even today how CNN and BBC moderate, distort and even tell blatant lies about events taking place in Afghanistan, Pakistani, Jammu and Kashmir and now Iraq. Even TV channels like Discovery and National Geographic distort the truth. Truth is becoming a major casualty because of western control of communications and thought, more so after fall of the Berlin Wall. Pravada and Izvestia had exercised some check. But the so-called impartiality, especially of US media has been exposed by independent Arab channels like Al Jazeera etc during the recent </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> war on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">How Alexander "the Great " has been glorified as a Western conqueror of the East. He was a small town homosexual boy who was taught the intricacies of state protocol, running of an empire and the divinity of the emperor by older civilisations of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. If he had followed the advice of his teacher Aristotle and not learnt from the so called barbarians, his vision would have remained limited and shallow. The desert Arab tribes were civilised by the Byzantine courtiers and princesses in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Damascus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Sassanians from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> after being conquered by Muslim Arabs.<span> </span>So were the nomad Central Asian Turks and Mongols (also by Chinese) by the Persians.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">As there was little comparable civilisation in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Western Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and certainly </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in pre Christian era, they claim that there civilisation, culture and thought originates from the Greeks of Aegean and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">).<span> </span>According to them, Greek civilisation and culture evolved and flourished in Crete and evolved when Greeks (pirates) coming from the Aegean islands settled on the west coast of Asia Minor (called Ionia-Yunani) There fore Minoan civilisation of Crete forms the basis of Greek and hence Western civilisation. It is too simplistic and illogical, if not downright absurd. Why not </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cyprus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Malta</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sicily</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">? At that time, there were flourishing civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Sogdiana and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persian Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> extended up to western Turkish coast with </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sardis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> as its out post. Most Greek city states in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> were under the Persians, who could cross over the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> or the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bosporus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> at will or occupy Greek lands. The first Greek victory over Persians is celebrated as </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Marathon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> race in sports. The first victory of the West over East! </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cretian civilisation is derived from Egyptian and Phoenician. Both are indebted to Mesopotamian, verily the mother of all civilisations, which evolved mostly between </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and<span> </span>southeast </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span>The evolution in human progress took off six millennia ago. But fourth millennia BC was remarkable, not only in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> but in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> valley and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valley</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. From family units polity developed into villages and cities, kingdoms and empires.<span> </span>The cities were ruled by a god and in his name by the king.<span> </span>To begin with, the first deity was Earth, Mother Goddess. Civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> were created by Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians and others. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> got cylindrical seals from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the beginnings of writing.<span> </span>The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> civilisation is magnificent, well preserved but unidirectional and flourished in isolation, without the stimulus of exchange. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">If one studies the Egyptian or Pharoanic civilisation, much has been contributed to it by the Nubians of Upper Egypt. Many<span> </span>Pharao's had<span> </span>thick lips and crinky hair.<span> </span>Or La la, Egyptians are bad enough and now to claim that the Sudanese might have influenced the Greek and hence the Western Judo-Hellenic Christian civilisation. Yes, after the development of civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> valley, it filtered to eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which became a cradle of civilisations, with exchange of ideas through trade and people. That is how the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">island</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Crete</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> acquired civilisation. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The achievement of a civilization may be expressed in terms of its best points—moral and ethical, aesthetic, scientific, and, not least, literary. Legal theory flourished and was sophisticated. Early on, it was expressed in several collections of legal decisions, the so-called codes, of which the best-known and the earliest is the Code of Hammurabi. Throughout these codes recurs the concern of the ruler for the weak, the widow, and the orphan. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">There are 25 firsts achieved by Sumerians.<span> </span>These include wheels, the plough, the loom, the potter's wheels, the brick, and the sail, working with metals and finally writing. Technical accomplishments were perfected in the building of amazingly accurate </font><a name="1270bab460b96925_1270ba4991a2f4b9_1MHUK"><font face="Times New Roman">Ziggurats </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">(temple towers resembling pyramids), with their huge bulk, and in irrigation, both in practical execution and in theoretical calculations. At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, an artificial stone often regarded as a forerunner of </font><a name="1270bab460b96925_1270ba4991a2f4b9_1MHUS"><font face="Times New Roman">concrete </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">was in use at </font><a name="1270bab460b96925_1270ba4991a2f4b9_1MHUQ"><font face="Times New Roman">Uruk </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">(160 miles south-southeast of modern </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">), The ultimate weapon to spread civilisations remains systematic writing. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Judaism, mother of all revealed Abrahmic religions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">West Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is claimed to be the first monotheistic religion. But it could have been perhaps influenced by Avestan/Zoroastrian/ pre-Vedic religions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. In 14<sup>th</sup> century BC it was an Aryan Mitanni (a kingdom at the borders of Turkey and Syria) princess Gilukhepa, perhaps the well known and famous Nefertiti, who fully supported her husband Pharaoh Akhneton's (AmonhotepIV) efforts to bring in (and perhaps inspire) monotheism, for single God Aton (Sun or Mithra like!). This concept was too sudden and undermined the vested powers of the priests. It was dislodged and soon after Akhneton was removed from power. New work in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is moving in that direction. It was from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> that Moses led the Hebrews out to lay the foundations of Judaism. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Now let us take the story of Illiad and Odyssey. For Western culture and civilization, they are almost like Mahabharata and Ramayana are for </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, making its author Homer one of the most influential authors in the widest sense. The two epics provided the basis for Greek education and culture throughout the classical age and formed the backbone of humane education down to the time of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Roman Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the spread of Christianity. The Homeric epics had a profound impact on the Renaissance culture of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Italy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Since then the proliferation of translations has helped to make them the most important poems of the classical European tradition. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Illiad was finalised probably around 750 BC and Odyssey 650 BC (Greek writing started around 650 BC). It is felt that Odyssey, so different from Iliad was not composed by Homer, the blind bard born in Asia Minor, but probably by a young lady (a Jane Austin) somewhere on the Sicilian coast with time to spare.<span> </span>Let that pass. But there certainly is historical basis for the story of abduction of Spartan King Menelus's wife Helen by Trojan Prince Paris. Menelus's brother King Agamemnon of Achaeans, then decided on a voyage of punishment and retrieval. This is when strangely an artificial line, straits of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, has been introduced by the Europeans to divide the world into East and West and the victory over Trojans is taken as of the west over East. Why?<span> </span>Later Alexander made offerings at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (also at Egyptian oasis Siva) before embarking on his conquest of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Ottoman Sultan Fethi after conquering </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Constantinople</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, also visited </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We need not go into the details of the two epics and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. But in the search to find the exact place and the time of the events, credit might be given to Heinrich Schliemann. Inspired by Iliad's description, he started digging at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> site but damaged the real </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span>He was a mythomaniac and big liar. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Paris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s father King Priam King of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is an hour's walk on the Asian side from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. This strategic site, controlling the sea borne trade from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Aegean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Black Sea</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and beyond has been inhabited since fourth millennium BC. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> 6, site of Homer's Illiad has been dated to about 1260 BC. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">At the same time, there was the majestic and magnificent Asian Hittite Empire (1800 BC to 1200 BC) in central </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, whose capital Bogazkoy 's citadel has a circumference of five kilometres. The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> fortress measures 200 yards by 150 yards. Excavations show that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> perhaps fell as a result of weakening by an earthquake. It was assaulted and set on fire, women and children taken as slaves.<span> </span>Evidence from Hittite archives indicates that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was a small state in alliance or subordinate to it. It was attacked when the Hittite empire was in decline and fighting its new enemy the Assyrians in the East. So all this 10 year long Great Trojan war drama was a storm in a tea cup in the ocean of Hittite Empire, which extended from north of Turkey to Syria and up to Babylon (Iraq.)<span> </span>Hittites were contenders for the control of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with the Egyptian Pharaohs and local Aryan </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">kingdom</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mitannis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The regions linking the river basins of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oxus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Jaxartes, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ganges</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> have contributed more to religion, culture and civilisation than the rest of the world put together. Comprising of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Central</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the Indian sub-continent, there has always been natural interaction in the area through travel, trade, migration and conquest for over five millennia, with many civilisations having also evolved and flourished in desert oasis. The more civilised areas were dominated first by Indo-Europeans charioteers and then the horse riders from Asian Steppes who shaped the Eurasian history. Aryans of India migrated from the steppes of north of the Black and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Caspian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seas</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Khazakhstan from 3<sup>rd</sup> to 1<sup>st</sup> millennia BC. Later Turks and Mongols migrated from the eastern Asian steppes to the Indian sub-continent, Iran and Turkey then known as Asia Minor, where as mentioned earlier had evolved and flowered ancient Greek and Hellenic thought, culture and polity as a result of interaction of incoming Greeks with the existing Asian civilisations of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, and India beyond. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has more Greek sites than </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Greece</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and more Roman monuments than </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Italy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">With a continuous history this area has been the cradle of most civilizations, thought, philosophy and religions; pre-Vedic to Vedic religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Avestan, Zoroasterism, Manichaeism, Judaism, Christianity with its various strands and schisms, Islam and such bye-lanes as Alevis, Alawaites, Yezidis, Druzes and many others. Indo-Iranian, Ural- Altaic and Semitic languages have mingled with each other and local languages to produce such a mosaic of languages and tongues. Culturally, linguistically, ethnically and spiritually there is no region in the world which is so rich and diverse but also has so much in common. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Let us now take western (hence Greek) philosophy, which begins with Thales (who predicted 585 BC solar eclipse). Thales who established the Miletian school (near </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Smyrna-Izmir</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) speculated that everything consisted of liquid, his disciples Anaximander said there was unity behind multiplicity and Anaximanes that everything was vapour. They are considered spiritual forefathers of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">By 6<sup>th</sup> century BC schools of Jain and Buddhist philosophy were well established apart from Upanishads, Yoga, Charakva and Sankhya, which have an even older tradition perhaps going back to 8<sup>th</sup> century BC. While religion and philosophy in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> are fused; Buddhism, Jainism and some other schools started as philosophy of life without creating or relying on Gods. Socrates with his inner (intuitive) voice and trances with Plato made a team like Ramakrishna Paramhansa with Swami Vivekananda i.e. intuitive speculator and philosopher with his eloquent spokesman. We know about Socrates only from Plato' writings. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The Orphic and Pythagorean and later Parmenides philosophy or cults are similar to Indian philosophy. Perhaps the ideas had traveled via </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, hub of eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, then held in high regard as a place for learning and wisdom , where<span> </span>Greeks and others used to congregate and learn. Ugarit port on the Syrian coast was another meeting place for traders, travelers and wise men from the west i.e. Cyprus, Crete etc and east i.e. Iraq, Persia and India beyond. Greeks and Indians were employed in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Susa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, capital of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persian Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which also ruled north </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. So exchange of ideas and philosophy was normal. Scylax, a Greek origin Persian subject from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was commanded by Emperor Darius to navigate river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Kabul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to its delta on the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Arabian Sea</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, from whose records Herodotus and West learnt about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Earlier Greek writings and thought had everything; logic, speculation, myths, mystery and beliefs. It's a difficult to say when the divergence between East and West commenced. And why? European rationalism and renaissance! Does it have something to do with the colder climate of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which made them think more rationally and did not lend to development of intuitive powers. We can see the divergence even in the evolution of Christianity, Western and Orthodox.<span> </span>Western theology turns towards dualism making a distinction between the spirit and the matter. Eastern theology maintains that spirit and matter are the two interdependent manifestations of the same ultimate reality. Christianity has been influenced by Mithraism (from pre-Vedic cult ), then very popular with Roman legions, senators and even Emperors who built Mithra temples all over central and east Europe and Asia Minor. Christmas is celebrated on 24 December eve, time of<span> </span>Mithra's birth ( when the Sun starts waxing ).<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The divergence between conscious intuition of the East and rational thought of the West was perhaps complete after de la Carte announced<span> </span>"I think therefore I am. ' Of course there's no place for intuition in this. But many western scientists have declared that only intuition had led them to the discoveries of science. Zen masters use Kaons, apparently illogical riddles, to unlock intuitive powers. West then took as faith </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Darwin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s theory of evolution that mutations cause species to change at random and the fittest survives and not Lamarck's theory that species change because they make determined effort to change. It has played havoc with human history. Survival of the fittest theory brought in colonialism, imperialism and cultural orientalism. West also evolved divisive nationalism, Marxism, capitalism, ideological totalitarianism. For these causes and ideologies many scores of millions were butchered in, so far the most violent of all , the 20<sup>th</sup> century. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">And now globalisation (forceful promotion of western corporate interests), under the garb of economic deregulation and integration, creating a system akin to Capitulations ie granting sovereign power to foreign interests and expatriates, roles now played by local presidents, prime ministers and others. Capitulations undermined the mighty </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ottoman empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Globalisation is another ruse to control wealth around the world with out any accountability. No concern of the ruler for the weak, the widow, and the orphan. It started with the mercantilism of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Genoa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Venice</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> if not Miletians, when<span> </span>merchants started emerging as power brokers in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">West now believes that there is nothing superior to human rational knowledge. In Greek philosophy, the idea of unwritten laws exists - which ''live always and forever, and no man knows from where they have arisen". Western belief in an external moral universe, to which men owe obedience, has been changed to a rational secular alternative to this moral structure. Isaiah </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Berlin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> advice that ''solutions to the central problems existed, that one could discover them, and, with sufficient selfless effort, realize them on earth'' has been lost. Popular religious belief in the West still remains strong, but since mid 20 century its elites have become secularized with radical autonomy and absolute freedom to do whatever one chooses - alone in the universe. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">What are a few centuries in human evolution ? Should we not change course. Does West need more stunning events like 11 September, which could be really devastating and catastrophic. The course being followed by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> neo-conservatives in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and elsewhere bodes ill for all. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i>(K Gajendra Singh, served as Indian Ambassador to </i><i>Turkey</i><i> and </i><i>Azerbaijan</i><i> in 1992-96. Prior to that, he served as ambassador to </i><i>Jordan</i><i> (during the 1990-91 Gulf war), </i><i>Romania</i><i> and </i><i>Senegal</i><i>.<span> </span>He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies Email-<a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com" target="_blank"><font color="#0000ff">Gajendrak@hotmail.com)</font></a></i> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman">Back to the top</font></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon"><a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Home</font></span></a></span><span style="COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">New</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Papers</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Notes</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Archives</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Search</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Feedback</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Links</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="COLOR: maroon"><font face="Times New Roman">Copyright © South Asia Analysis Group </font><i><br></i></span><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: maroon">All rights reserved. Permission is given to refer this on-line document for use in research papers and articles, provided the source and the author's name are acknowledged. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes.</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></i></font> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></i></font> </p><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Tiny Treasures Leave Big Void in Looted Iraq</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">also see Al-Jazeerah opinion piece, Destruction of World's Eastern Heritage<br>in Iraq, by Indian diplomat <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>. July 18, 2003. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm" target="_blank">work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm</a> - 10k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:b7Y2QRLZWEYJ:work.colum.edu/%7Eamiller/antiquities.htm+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="COLOR: black">Alexander the Great on the Web</span> | </font><a href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/ImagesofAlexander/" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Images of Alexander</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">other ancient history sites</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="mailto:editor@isidore-of-seville.com" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">contact</font></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2003%20Opinion%20Editorials/July/12o/Destruction%20of%20World%27s%20Eastern%20Heritage%20in%20Iraq%2C%20By%20K%20Gajendra%20Singh.htm" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Destruction of World's Eastern Heritage in Iraq"</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> by <b><span style="BACKGROUND: #ffff66; COLOR: black">K Gajendra </span><span style="BACKGROUND: #a0ffff; COLOR: black">Singh</span></b>, on Al-Jazeera.info (not the TV station). Wandering text wanders eventually to Alexander, where he comes in for grudging praise for disregarding Aristotle and learning from barbarians. His identification as a "small town homosexual boy" demonstrates all is not sweetness and light. </font><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><a href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/alexander/19.html" target="_blank"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/alexander/19.html</font></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">presidents on us coins - US Coin Collecting</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">Destruction of World's Eastern Heritage in Iraq, By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> ... seals and<br>Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic coins". Under amnesty half the items were <b>...</b><br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/" target="_blank">www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/</a> - 52k - </span></font><a href="http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:nRZwn4LKNUwJ:www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/the_house_of_wisdom" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/the_house_of_wisdom</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span>On contributions of Islam to civilizations.</font></p> </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <div><br> <hr> Hotmail: Trusted email with powerful SPAM protection. <a href="https://signup.live.com/signup.aspx?id=60969" target="_blank">Sign up now.</a></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-31732423935059783952010-02-26T11:00:00.000-08:002010-02-26T11:33:23.971-08:00DESTRUCTION OF WORLD’S EASTERN HERITAGE IN IRAQ: Eastern foundations of Western civilization<br> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div> <h1 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">FOUNDATION FOR INDO-TURKIC STUDIES<span> </span></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Tel/Fax ; 0040216374602<span> </span><span> </span>Amb (Rtd) K Gajendra Singh<span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Emails; <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com" target="_blank">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a><span> </span>Flat No 5, 3<sup>rd</sup> Floor </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>KGSingh@Yahoo.com<span> </span><span> </span>9, Sos Cotroceni,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><u><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Web site</span></u></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bucharest</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Romania</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ).</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.tarafits.com/" target="_blank">www.tarafits.com</a><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">9</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> July<b> </b>, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: maroon">South Asia Analysis Group <span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon">Paper 733<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon">9 July, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: maroon"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">DESTRUCTION OF WORLD'S EASTERN HERITAGE IN </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">IRAQ</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt">: </span></b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Eastern foundations of Western civilization</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><span> </span><span> </span></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">by K Gajendra Singh <span style="COLOR: #3366ff">http;//<cite><a href="http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers8/paper733.html" target="_blank"><span style="COLOR: #3366ff; FONT-STYLE: normal">www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers8/paper733.html</span></a></cite></span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'It would be a good idea.' Mahatma Gandhi, when asked about his views on western culture. </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There was an international cry and outrage in April and May, when following the collapse of the Saddam Hussein regime, US armed forces as the occupying power, had allowed the heritage Museum in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and other museums in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to be damaged and looted along with libraries, institutions and ministries, except for the ministry of oil (and the oil fields) In spite of warnings, the most comprehensive archives of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history were set ablaze. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s National Library smouldered for two days with its half a million books, newspapers and documents reduced to ashes. The Awqaf Library in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with more than 5,000 manuscripts was destroyed. The Saddam Manuscripts Library, with more than 40,000 manuscripts was looted. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dr Charles Tripp of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">School</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oriental</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and African Studies in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, who had used the Iraqi National Library in the 1980s said, 'It had newspapers from the 1920s and thousands of documents telling tales of the Ottoman period and the British mandate. Its hard to accept it is all gone. ' Mosul University Library with its valuable collections was also partly looted and burnt.' These collections offered a representative sample of the intellectual output of Islamic civilisation,' said Tim Winter, a divinity lecturer at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cambridge</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. 'The loss of a thousand years of scholarly interpretation will impoverish Islamic thought, and strengthen the extremists indifferent to it anyway. '</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history has been savagely massacred,' said Dr Irvine Finkle of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">British</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Museum</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. "To burn books is possibly the lowest form of human activity. Who would do this And why?"<u> </u></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">During the peak of anarchy, chaos and looting US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had commented "Free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things,"</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Professor Michalowski of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Michigan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> said that this was "a tragedy that has no parallel in world history; it is as if the Uffizi, the Louvre, or all the museums of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Washington</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> had been wiped out in one fell swoop". Professor Zinab Bahrani from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Columbia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> claimed that, "Blame must be placed with the Bush administration for a catastrophic destruction of culture unparalleled in modern history. " From Edinburgh Professor Trevor Watkins lamented that, "The loss of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s cultural heritage will go down in history - like the burning of the Library at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Britain</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> will be to blame. " Others used phrases such as cultural genocide and compared the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in particular to the Mongol invaders of 13th-century </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cultural heritage bodies in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">UK</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> had requested their governments to protect hospitals, schools and cultural institutions, but these requests were largely ignored. Martin Sullivan, Chairman of President's Advisory Committee on Cultural Property and its member Gary Vikan resigned because the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> military had had advance warning of the danger to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s historical treasures. "We certainly know the value of oil but we certainly don't know the value of historical artifacts," said Vikan, director of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Walters</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Art</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gallery</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baltimore</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On March 20, when US and its allies began their attack on Iraq with Stealth and B-52 bombers, Tomahawk cruise missiles, smart and stupid bombs, museums and curators, universities and scholars across the world were worried what that might do to monuments in Mesopotamia, the fertile crescent land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, the cradle of civilisations, the land of Nineveh, Babylon, Nimrud and Uruk, the world's first city. Where the Sumerians invented writing 5,000 years ago, where the epic of Gilgamesh, which formed the model for Noah and the flood, was committed to cuneiform writing 1500 years before Homer. The land of the Old Testament, of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tower</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Babel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, where Abraham, the father of the three great monotheistic religions, was born. The museum at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, with its oldest churches and from nearby </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nineveh</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has the remains of personality cult of Sennacherib, a seventh-century BC cruel Assyrian ruler. From nearby </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nimrud</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, the giant winged Assyrian bulls with human heads were stolen and now awe the visitors to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">British</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Museum</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. The attack on the museum in Saddam's home town of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tikrit</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was, perhaps, a 21<sup>st</sup> century symbolic strike at the personality cult of Saddam Hussein. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">So US pro-Consul in Iraq Paul Bremer allowed the gates of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s heritage museum to be opened on July 3 for some diplomats and media, with heavily armed </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> troops and black-uniformed Italian carabinieri providing security. But it was only a symbolic one day photo opportunity to convey the message that things were under control. The Museum once had one of the world's best collections of pre-Hellenic statuary, gold jewellery and cuneiform tablets "It's important that people know the museum is coming back. We hope to open properly within a year or two," said Dr Donny George, an Assyrian Christian and the museum's director of studies. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But a most remarkable thing has been the return of around 3000 priceless pieces under the "no questions asked "amnesty in which the clerics played an important role. Some looters brought back the stolen artifacts, after imams had threatened to ban thieves from worship at mosques. The retrieved treasures included a statue of King Shalmanezzer III from 852BC, the Warka vase - a 5ft-high alabaster vessel from 3000 BC, encircled by several layers of sculpted figures, still with traces of red and grain colouring. Another rare exhibit is the gold treasures of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nimrud</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> consisting of exquisitely crafted crowns, bracelets, cups and pendants discovered only in 1989 and rarely exhibited. These had been stored in a vault of the central bank and had survived the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> invasion, when the bank building was looted, set on fire and partly flooded. When the banks vaults were opened, bodies of looters killed in shoot-outs with rival gangs, were found inside, but the seals on the crates of the antiquities were intact. The collection had been carefully stored with thousands of pieces hidden in secure rooms around the museum, in vaults in the central bank and in bunkers around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. This was done according to plans drawn up for 1991 Gulf war.<span> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">But of the 42 most valuable items, 32 are still missing, including a bronze relief from 4000 BC, "worth 100 Mona Lisas. And many pieces still remained unaccounted, with thousands gone from the storerooms. The museum did not have an inventory of its collection, not even on a handwritten card index, let alone on a computer. Who stole the museum's best items would take time to find out. Dr George denied that some of the looting was done by museum staff. But it was not just vandalism, he added. It was clear that there were some professional thieves. "They had plans, glasscutters, and knowledge. We found keys brought by the looters. They opened the museum director's safe where they found other keys. " There are reports that some retrieved pieces are copies. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Why the initial reports of the losses were exaggerated remains a mystery but Dr George clarified that it was because of a misunderstanding that the 170,000 pieces were reported missing. He had only given the total number of objects. The reports had outraged the world making it a symbol of the lawlessness of postwar </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s failure to establish security after its quick victory. Now investigations are under way, with help from Interpol and FBI teams. It is quite possible that the reports of losses were intentionally exaggerated to attract world attention for provision of security by US authorities which was then lacking and to scare away the professional as well as amateur looters</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">While playing down the numbers stolen, Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, head of the investigating team appointed by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> said,<span> </span>"Almost 3,000 items have been recovered, but over 12,000 are still missing. " He divided the looters into three kinds, those who went through the public galleries, picking out the most valuable or easily transportable items. "They were selective in what they stole," he said. When it came to the items looted from storage chambers, two dynamics were visible. "One was absolute indiscriminate looting. Bags and boxes were taken from one end of the museum and dropped at the other." The "most troubling" thefts were of items "in the most remote corner of the most remote room. Other stuff on the way to it was not taken. You couldn't get there unless you knew it well. This was the priceless collection of cylinder seals and Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic coins". Under amnesty half the items were returned by people who took them for<span> </span>"safe keeping "or given by friends, the other 1,500 were seized after tip offs. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">About ancient monuments, experience with US armed forces is not very encouraging. American bulldozers had razed the ruins of Tell al-Lahm, south of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, during the 1991 Gulf war. The great arch of Ctesphion, still the widest unsupported brick arch in the world, was cracked by the vibrations of the American carpet bombing. John Curtis, the keeper of the department of the ancient near east at the British Museum, who visited Ur last year had little doubt the Americans strafed the ziggurat - a great, stepped pyramid - with heavy machine-gun fire the last time they passed that way. "Whether this was an accident, I couldn't say," he says. Another European invader Napolean had tested his artillery against </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cairo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s pyramids. Talibans had bombed Buddhist statues at Bamiyan in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> a few years ago, leading to international uproar.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On the other hand US and its allies point out that Iraqis have used ancient defences for parking tanks and point out that Iraqi airbase is in the shadow of the great ziggurat of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, city of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Abraham</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Incidentally "the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> airbase was built by the British in the days of its colonial mandate, when the RAF first demonstrated the civilising capabilities of bombing civilians from the air." Also if you put a machine-gun emplacement anywhere in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, for instance, it will only be next to antiquities. But that doesn't make </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> a valid target.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There was another reason for the Iraqis placing machine guns outside museums. After the last Gulf war, when Kurds and Shiites of Iraq were encouraged by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> president to rise up against Saddam, several important museums and archaeological sites were looted in the chaos. Of the 4,000 precious objects missing (many more were destroyed), most stolen items followed the well-worn route to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Switzerland</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and, finally, to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, where many Assyrian pieces, broken up for easier transit, ended up on the art market or in the back rooms of antiquarian dealers. As a pariah state, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> could not get them back through official channels, but the Iraqis were still trying to buy some of them back from western collectors when the 2003 invasion started." Any responsible government must protect their cultural heritage," said a western expert. Dan Cruickshank, the architectural historian whose film on the subject was screened by the BBC, said, 'It is simply not true that the people of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> looted their own museum,' 'they have far too much respect for their own heritage to do that, he added.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">For all his faults, Saddam Hussein was protective of archaeology, promoting it for a national rebirth and a repeat of the glories of the past, and comparing himself to Nebuchadnezzar (what about US presidents as Roman emperors ) who had built the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Hanging</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gardens</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Babylon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. His rebuilding the old city walls with bricks embossed with his own name next to that of Nebuchadnezzar was a crime against archaeology and aesthetics. But to protect </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s heritage as a patriotic duty, five years ago, 10 men from near </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> who had cut the head off an Assyrian winged bull at Khorsabad, were executed.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But such is the insatiable hunger of western collectors for eastern artifacts that Iraqis continue to loot and smuggle them out of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Some American and European experts say that most of the 33 missing items were taken in the first few hours of the collapse of Saddam's regime and were stolen 'to order'. Professor McGuire Gibson, an Oriental specialist from Chicago University and a member of the Unesco team investigating the thefts, had received reports that the 'top five' items among the 33 had been smuggled to Tehran and Paris within days of their removal. The loot of eastern heritage has continued since millennia. But ignorant Europeans have derided eastern civilization and culture. One ignorant Englishman gave more weight to works of William Shakespeare than the whole of Indian literature. Recently an uncouth Italian Prime minister described Muslims as culturally inferior.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MESOPOTAMIAN AND EASTERN FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION </span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In the arbitrary division of the world in to the West and the East along the straits of Bosporus, Dardanelles and Gibraltar ( from Arabic Jebel el Tariq ) or into Europe ( and USA ) and Asia, the Europeans first came in to contact with Asians and were either civilised or evolved their own civilization after encountering<span> </span>superior and existing civilizations in Asia. These Eastern countries i.e. Egypt, Syria, Iraq , Iran and Turkey, now Muslim countries, have fallen on bad days .In their heydays of the Muslim empires, the Arabs ruled and civilised most of Spain and Ottoman Turks reached right up to the Gates of Vienna . They developed and spread culture and civilised </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Classical Greek and Hellenic works were translated into Arabic and thus saved as these had been lost in the west. As conservative fundamentalist forces emerged on top, Muslim empires and civilisation decayed and they were colonised by the west with superior arms for waging wars. As had been done earlier by the Indo-Europeans, Turks and Mongols. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">It is rather unfortunate that Muslims, because of Islam 's origin in<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Arabian Peninsula</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> have classified everything that existed before it, even elsewhere, as Jahilya ( ignorance). Most lands conquered by the swords of Islam or Sufis and saints had ancient and flourishing civilisations. Thus, unfortunately little work has been done by Muslim countries to discover their hoary past, which are such rich sources of ancient history, culture, human thought and philosophy. Only tourism has made them take some interest in their past i.e. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and secular </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Even in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Government publications on their history start with 6th century Gök Turk empire (in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mongolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) and then come to 11<sup>th</sup> century AD after the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert by Turkic tribes. Thus a mis-conceived attempt is made to black out its pre-Greek, Greek, Hellenic, Roman and Byzantine past. The percentage of Turkic blood, mostly Turcomen would not be more than 15% in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Other examples are the governmental attitude to Pharaonic past in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valley</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Vedic past in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Most ancient Indo-Aryan and eastern writings were brought to world attention by western scholars. But some of them were not so enlightened and writing in 19<sup>th</sup> and first half of 20<sup>th</sup> century at the height of colonial period, tended to strengthen the notion of ruling white man's civilising mission and hence his superiority and supremacy over the native genius throughout history. The propensity of the Brahmins, the highest caste among Aryans, to control and keep everything to themselves i.e. their close family members or caste men led to lack of transparency and hindrance to the culture of writing. So there are few reliable records. Only the oral tradition remained. Lack of transparency persists even to this day in Indian polity encouraging nepotism, inefficiency and corruption. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is No 71 in world transparency order. Writing has been acknowledged as one of the most important tools of civilisation. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Apart from intrepid Buddhist travelers from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and others like Megesthnese, Alberuni, Ibn-batuta etc we have to rely mainly on Western sources or translations when it comes to the origins of history, religions, culture and civilisations.<span> </span>As for the western bias we can see even today how CNN and BBC moderate, distort and even tell blatant lies about events taking place in Afghanistan, Pakistani, Jammu and Kashmir and now Iraq. Even TV channels like Discovery and National Geographic distort the truth. Truth is becoming a major casualty because of western control of communications and thought, more so after fall of the Berlin Wall. Pravada and Izvestia had exercised some check. But the so-called impartiality, especially of US media has been exposed by independent Arab channels like Al Jazeera etc during the recent </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> war on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">How Alexander "the Great " has been glorified as a Western conqueror of the East. He was a small town homosexual boy who was taught the intricacies of state protocol, running of an empire and the divinity of the emperor by older civilisations of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. If he had followed the advice of his teacher Aristotle and not learnt from the so called barbarians, his vision would have remained limited and shallow. The desert Arab tribes were civilised by the Byzantine courtiers and princesses in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Damascus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Sassanians from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> after being conquered by Muslim Arabs.<span> </span>So were the nomad Central Asian Turks and Mongols (also by Chinese) by the Persians.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">As there was little comparable civilisation in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Western Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and certainly </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in pre Christian era, they claim that there civilisation, culture and thought originates from the Greeks of Aegean and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">).<span> </span>According to them, Greek civilisation and culture evolved and flourished in Crete and evolved when Greeks (pirates) coming from the Aegean islands settled on the west coast of Asia Minor (called Ionia-Yunani) There fore Minoan civilisation of Crete forms the basis of Greek and hence Western civilisation. It is too simplistic and illogical, if not downright absurd. Why not </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cyprus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Malta</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sicily</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">? At that time, there were flourishing civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Sogdiana and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persian Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> extended up to western Turkish coast with </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sardis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> as its out post. Most Greek city states in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> were under the Persians, who could cross over the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> or the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bosporus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> at will or occupy Greek lands. The first Greek victory over Persians is celebrated as </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Marathon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> race in sports. The first victory of the West over East! </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cretian civilisation is derived from Egyptian and Phoenician. Both are indebted to Mesopotamian, verily the mother of all civilisations, which evolved mostly between </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and<span> </span>southeast </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span>The evolution in human progress took off six millennia ago. But fourth millennia BC was remarkable, not only in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> but in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> valley and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valley</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. From family units polity developed into villages and cities, kingdoms and empires.<span> </span>The cities were ruled by a god and in his name by the king.<span> </span>To begin with, the first deity was Earth, Mother Goddess. Civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> were created by Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians and others. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> got cylindrical seals from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the beginnings of writing.<span> </span>The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> civilisation is magnificent, well preserved but unidirectional and flourished in isolation, without the stimulus of exchange. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">If one studies the Egyptian or Pharoanic civilisation, much has been contributed to it by the Nubians of Upper Egypt. Many<span> </span>Pharao's had<span> </span>thick lips and crinky hair.<span> </span>Or La la, Egyptians are bad enough and now to claim that the Sudanese might have influenced the Greek and hence the Western Judo-Hellenic Christian civilisation. Yes, after the development of civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> valley, it filtered to eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which became a cradle of civilisations, with exchange of ideas through trade and people. That is how the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">island</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Crete</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> acquired civilisation. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The achievement of a civilization may be expressed in terms of its best points—moral and ethical, aesthetic, scientific, and, not least, literary. Legal theory flourished and was sophisticated. Early on, it was expressed in several collections of legal decisions, the so-called codes, of which the best-known and the earliest is the Code of Hammurabi. Throughout these codes recurs the concern of the ruler for the weak, the widow, and the orphan. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">There are 25 firsts achieved by Sumerians.<span> </span>These include wheels, the plough, the loom, the potter's wheels, the brick, and the sail, working with metals and finally writing. Technical accomplishments were perfected in the building of amazingly accurate </font><a name="1270ba4991a2f4b9_1MHUK"><font face="Times New Roman">Ziggurats </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">(temple towers resembling pyramids), with their huge bulk, and in irrigation, both in practical execution and in theoretical calculations. At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, an artificial stone often regarded as a forerunner of </font><a name="1270ba4991a2f4b9_1MHUS"><font face="Times New Roman">concrete </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">was in use at </font><a name="1270ba4991a2f4b9_1MHUQ"><font face="Times New Roman">Uruk </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">(160 miles south-southeast of modern </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">), The ultimate weapon to spread civilisations remains systematic writing. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Judaism, mother of all revealed Abrahmic religions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">West Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is claimed to be the first monotheistic religion. But it could have been perhaps influenced by Avestan/Zoroastrian/ pre-Vedic religions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. In 14<sup>th</sup> century BC it was an Aryan Mitanni (a kingdom at the borders of Turkey and Syria) princess Gilukhepa, perhaps the well known and famous Nefertiti, who fully supported her husband Pharaoh Akhneton's (AmonhotepIV) efforts to bring in (and perhaps inspire) monotheism, for single God Aton (Sun or Mithra like!). This concept was too sudden and undermined the vested powers of the priests. It was dislodged and soon after Akhneton was removed from power. New work in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is moving in that direction. It was from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> that Moses led the Hebrews out to lay the foundations of Judaism. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Now let us take the story of Illiad and Odyssey. For Western culture and civilization, they are almost like Mahabharata and Ramayana are for </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, making its author Homer one of the most influential authors in the widest sense. The two epics provided the basis for Greek education and culture throughout the classical age and formed the backbone of humane education down to the time of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Roman Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the spread of Christianity. The Homeric epics had a profound impact on the Renaissance culture of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Italy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Since then the proliferation of translations has helped to make them the most important poems of the classical European tradition. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Illiad was finalised probably around 750 BC and Odyssey 650 BC (Greek writing started around 650 BC). It is felt that Odyssey, so different from Iliad was not composed by Homer, the blind bard born in Asia Minor, but probably by a young lady (a Jane Austin) somewhere on the Sicilian coast with time to spare.<span> </span>Let that pass. But there certainly is historical basis for the story of abduction of Spartan King Menelus's wife Helen by Trojan Prince Paris. Menelus's brother King Agamemnon of Achaeans, then decided on a voyage of punishment and retrieval. This is when strangely an artificial line, straits of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, has been introduced by the Europeans to divide the world into East and West and the victory over Trojans is taken as of the west over East. Why?<span> </span>Later Alexander made offerings at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (also at Egyptian oasis Siva) before embarking on his conquest of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Ottoman Sultan Fethi after conquering </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Constantinople</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, also visited </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We need not go into the details of the two epics and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. But in the search to find the exact place and the time of the events, credit might be given to Heinrich Schliemann. Inspired by Iliad's description, he started digging at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> site but damaged the real </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span>He was a mythomaniac and big liar. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Paris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s father King Priam King of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is an hour's walk on the Asian side from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. This strategic site, controlling the sea borne trade from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Aegean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Black Sea</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and beyond has been inhabited since fourth millennium BC. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> 6, site of Homer's Illiad has been dated to about 1260 BC. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">At the same time, there was the majestic and magnificent Asian Hittite Empire (1800 BC to 1200 BC) in central </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, whose capital Bogazkoy 's citadel has a circumference of five kilometres. The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> fortress measures 200 yards by 150 yards. Excavations show that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> perhaps fell as a result of weakening by an earthquake. It was assaulted and set on fire, women and children taken as slaves.<span> </span>Evidence from Hittite archives indicates that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was a small state in alliance or subordinate to it. It was attacked when the Hittite empire was in decline and fighting its new enemy the Assyrians in the East. So all this 10 year long Great Trojan war drama was a storm in a tea cup in the ocean of Hittite Empire, which extended from north of Turkey to Syria and up to Babylon (Iraq.)<span> </span>Hittites were contenders for the control of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with the Egyptian Pharaohs and local Aryan </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">kingdom</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mitannis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The regions linking the river basins of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oxus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Jaxartes, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ganges</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> have contributed more to religion, culture and civilisation than the rest of the world put together. Comprising of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Central</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the Indian sub-continent, there has always been natural interaction in the area through travel, trade, migration and conquest for over five millennia, with many civilisations having also evolved and flourished in desert oasis. The more civilised areas were dominated first by Indo-Europeans charioteers and then the horse riders from Asian Steppes who shaped the Eurasian history. Aryans of India migrated from the steppes of north of the Black and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Caspian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seas</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Khazakhstan from 3<sup>rd</sup> to 1<sup>st</sup> millennia BC. Later Turks and Mongols migrated from the eastern Asian steppes to the Indian sub-continent, Iran and Turkey then known as Asia Minor, where as mentioned earlier had evolved and flowered ancient Greek and Hellenic thought, culture and polity as a result of interaction of incoming Greeks with the existing Asian civilisations of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, and India beyond. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has more Greek sites than </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Greece</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and more Roman monuments than </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Italy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">With a continuous history this area has been the cradle of most civilizations, thought, philosophy and religions; pre-Vedic to Vedic religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Avestan, Zoroasterism, Manichaeism, Judaism, Christianity with its various strands and schisms, Islam and such bye-lanes as Alevis, Alawaites, Yezidis, Druzes and many others. Indo-Iranian, Ural- Altaic and Semitic languages have mingled with each other and local languages to produce such a mosaic of languages and tongues. Culturally, linguistically, ethnically and spiritually there is no region in the world which is so rich and diverse but also has so much in common. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Let us now take western (hence Greek) philosophy, which begins with Thales (who predicted 585 BC solar eclipse). Thales who established the Miletian school (near </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Smyrna-Izmir</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) speculated that everything consisted of liquid, his disciples Anaximander said there was unity behind multiplicity and Anaximanes that everything was vapour. They are considered spiritual forefathers of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">By 6<sup>th</sup> century BC schools of Jain and Buddhist philosophy were well established apart from Upanishads, Yoga, Charakva and Sankhya, which have an even older tradition perhaps going back to 8<sup>th</sup> century BC. While religion and philosophy in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> are fused; Buddhism, Jainism and some other schools started as philosophy of life without creating or relying on Gods. Socrates with his inner (intuitive) voice and trances with Plato made a team like Ramakrishna Paramhansa with Swami Vivekananda i.e. intuitive speculator and philosopher with his eloquent spokesman. We know about Socrates only from Plato' writings. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The Orphic and Pythagorean and later Parmenides philosophy or cults are similar to Indian philosophy. Perhaps the ideas had traveled via </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, hub of eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, then held in high regard as a place for learning and wisdom , where<span> </span>Greeks and others used to congregate and learn. Ugarit port on the Syrian coast was another meeting place for traders, travelers and wise men from the west i.e. Cyprus, Crete etc and east i.e. Iraq, Persia and India beyond. Greeks and Indians were employed in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Susa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, capital of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persian Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which also ruled north </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. So exchange of ideas and philosophy was normal. Scylax, a Greek origin Persian subject from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was commanded by Emperor Darius to navigate river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Kabul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to its delta on the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Arabian Sea</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, from whose records Herodotus and West learnt about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Earlier Greek writings and thought had everything; logic, speculation, myths, mystery and beliefs. It's a difficult to say when the divergence between East and West commenced. And why? European rationalism and renaissance! Does it have something to do with the colder climate of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which made them think more rationally and did not lend to development of intuitive powers. We can see the divergence even in the evolution of Christianity, Western and Orthodox.<span> </span>Western theology turns towards dualism making a distinction between the spirit and the matter. Eastern theology maintains that spirit and matter are the two interdependent manifestations of the same ultimate reality. Christianity has been influenced by Mithraism (from pre-Vedic cult ), then very popular with Roman legions, senators and even Emperors who built Mithra temples all over central and east Europe and Asia Minor. Christmas is celebrated on 24 December eve, time of<span> </span>Mithra's birth ( when the Sun starts waxing ).<span> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The divergence between conscious intuition of the East and rational thought of the West was perhaps complete after de la Carte announced<span> </span>"I think therefore I am. ' Of course there's no place for intuition in this. But many western scientists have declared that only intuition had led them to the discoveries of science. Zen masters use Kaons, apparently illogical riddles, to unlock intuitive powers. West then took as faith </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Darwin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s theory of evolution that mutations cause species to change at random and the fittest survives and not Lamarck's theory that species change because they make determined effort to change. It has played havoc with human history. Survival of the fittest theory brought in colonialism, imperialism and cultural orientalism. West also evolved divisive nationalism, Marxism, capitalism, ideological totalitarianism. For these causes and ideologies many scores of millions were butchered in, so far the most violent of all , the 20<sup>th</sup> century. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">And now globalisation (forceful promotion of western corporate interests), under the garb of economic deregulation and integration, creating a system akin to Capitulations ie granting sovereign power to foreign interests and expatriates, roles now played by local presidents, prime ministers and others. Capitulations undermined the mighty </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ottoman empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Globalisation is another ruse to control wealth around the world with out any accountability. No concern of the ruler for the weak, the widow, and the orphan. It started with the mercantilism of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Genoa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Venice</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> if not Miletians, when<span> </span>merchants started emerging as power brokers in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">West now believes that there is nothing superior to human rational knowledge. In Greek philosophy, the idea of unwritten laws exists - which ''live always and forever, and no man knows from where they have arisen". Western belief in an external moral universe, to which men owe obedience, has been changed to a rational secular alternative to this moral structure. Isaiah </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Berlin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> advice that ''solutions to the central problems existed, that one could discover them, and, with sufficient selfless effort, realize them on earth'' has been lost. Popular religious belief in the West still remains strong, but since mid 20 century its elites have become secularized with radical autonomy and absolute freedom to do whatever one chooses - alone in the universe. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">What are a few centuries in human evolution ? Should we not change course. Does West need more stunning events like 11 September, which could be really devastating and catastrophic. The course being followed by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> neo-conservatives in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and elsewhere bodes ill for all. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i>(K Gajendra Singh, served as Indian Ambassador to </i><i>Turkey</i><i> and </i><i>Azerbaijan</i><i> in 1992-96. Prior to that, he served as ambassador to </i><i>Jordan</i><i> (during the 1990-91 Gulf war), </i><i>Romania</i><i> and </i><i>Senegal</i><i>.<span> </span>He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies Email-<a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com" target="_blank"><font color="#0000ff">Gajendrak@hotmail.com)</font></a></i> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman">Back to the top</font></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon"><a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Home</font></span></a></span><span style="COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">New</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Papers</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Notes</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Archives</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Search</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Feedback</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Links</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="COLOR: maroon"><font face="Times New Roman">Copyright © South Asia Analysis Group </font><i><br></i></span><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: maroon">All rights reserved. Permission is given to refer this on-line document for use in research papers and articles, provided the source and the author's name are acknowledged. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes.</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></i></font> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></i></font> </p><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Tiny Treasures Leave Big Void in Looted Iraq</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">also see Al-Jazeerah opinion piece, Destruction of World's Eastern Heritage<br>in Iraq, by Indian diplomat <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>. July 18, 2003. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm" target="_blank">work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm</a> - 10k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:b7Y2QRLZWEYJ:work.colum.edu/%7Eamiller/antiquities.htm+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="COLOR: black">Alexander the Great on the Web</span> | </font><a href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/ImagesofAlexander/" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Images of Alexander</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">other ancient history sites</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="mailto:editor@isidore-of-seville.com" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">contact</font></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2003%20Opinion%20Editorials/July/12o/Destruction%20of%20World%27s%20Eastern%20Heritage%20in%20Iraq%2C%20By%20K%20Gajendra%20Singh.htm" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Destruction of World's Eastern Heritage in Iraq"</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> by <b><span style="BACKGROUND: #ffff66; COLOR: black">K Gajendra </span><span style="BACKGROUND: #a0ffff; COLOR: black">Singh</span></b>, on Al-Jazeera.info (not the TV station). Wandering text wanders eventually to Alexander, where he comes in for grudging praise for disregarding Aristotle and learning from barbarians. His identification as a "small town homosexual boy" demonstrates all is not sweetness and light. </font><span style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><a href="http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/alexander/19.html" target="_blank"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/alexander/19.html</font></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">presidents on us coins - US Coin Collecting</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">Destruction of World's Eastern Heritage in Iraq, By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> ... seals and<br>Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic coins". Under amnesty half the items were <b>...</b><br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/" target="_blank">www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/</a> - 52k - </span></font><a href="http://64.233.183.104/search?q=cache:nRZwn4LKNUwJ:www.uscoincollects.com/presidentsonuscoins/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/the_house_of_wisdom" target="_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">http://www.bloomsburypress.com/books/catalog/the_house_of_wisdom</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span>On contributions of Islam to civilizations.</font></p> </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <div class="hm"><br> <hr> Hotmail: Trusted email with powerful SPAM protection. <a href="https://signup.live.com/signup.aspx?id=60969" target="_blank">Sign up now.</a></div></div></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-49229202764775830592010-02-26T05:18:00.001-08:002010-02-26T05:18:50.898-08:00Illustrated ;A Sweep through history and Time -.Asia Minor/Anatolia/Turkey<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzRpYnIe5KfNn1IdIy-HTH0d2dlOb_UrC3DK1zzKLW-glQUDvbnx6h7JGGY_gtMRu4yy0ToiSq6TQ6lCfyjINIL0E3GRdbw82v_apVS_HzIqNjwcA38SI2DlR9Ib62xs1L3owGwKiaP4/s1600-h/FamTkyHst1-730899.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwzRpYnIe5KfNn1IdIy-HTH0d2dlOb_UrC3DK1zzKLW-glQUDvbnx6h7JGGY_gtMRu4yy0ToiSq6TQ6lCfyjINIL0E3GRdbw82v_apVS_HzIqNjwcA38SI2DlR9Ib62xs1L3owGwKiaP4/s320/FamTkyHst1-730899.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5442541029191453346" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a 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href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2_YlM35Ks8_25HYeJFws7FHMdohlbSzFGJP-y7UD59vpmeIUTxhL9D2_vghlqWOU-Dvb09SZ3CO5la5hE2xOHFZYoMGNbbbePNk2gJgfir8DWd3NduJBiPSwd06HC2FsWN9n9ZOv5G0/s1600-h/FamTkyHst8-739950.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgS2_YlM35Ks8_25HYeJFws7FHMdohlbSzFGJP-y7UD59vpmeIUTxhL9D2_vghlqWOU-Dvb09SZ3CO5la5hE2xOHFZYoMGNbbbePNk2gJgfir8DWd3NduJBiPSwd06HC2FsWN9n9ZOv5G0/s320/FamTkyHst8-739950.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5442541067871437282" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVkluzrbD77zrscXJTXaupMrsH_6lKgSbp65eDptpfujCSEupvHNX8uNULLiLseA7HD1ja3zpQtncxsTDhW20fmd-8YVsYW0KS8fMiFsTXsnT37NBKZdW7XA2qw7wnP-AbVNupfxJ4bZs/s1600-h/FamTkyHstNemrSelf-741055.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVkluzrbD77zrscXJTXaupMrsH_6lKgSbp65eDptpfujCSEupvHNX8uNULLiLseA7HD1ja3zpQtncxsTDhW20fmd-8YVsYW0KS8fMiFsTXsnT37NBKZdW7XA2qw7wnP-AbVNupfxJ4bZs/s320/FamTkyHstNemrSelf-741055.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5442541072646823586" /></a></p><br><br> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div class="gmail_quote"><br> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="TR">A<span> </span>SWEEP<span> </span>THROUGH<span> </span>HISTORY<span> </span>AND<span> </span>TIME</span></b></h1> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"> </span></p> <h2><span lang="TR" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">15 DAYS IN TURKEY</span></h2> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html" target="_blank">TAAC Newsletter, 97 December</a><br><b>...</b> Excellent reading about the region. Back to top. Full article is available on the<br> web. A sweep through history and time - 15 days in Turkey. by <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html" target="_blank">www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html</a> - 36k - </span><a href="http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:Ybmv-ruYAH8J:www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en" target="_blank">Cached</a> - <a>Similar pages</a> <span> </span></span></h1> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></h1> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">A sweep through history and time - 15 days in Turkey by <b><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,102) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">K. Gajendra </span><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(160,255,255) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">Singh</span></b> </span></p> <p>Mr. Gajendra <b><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(160,255,255) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">Singh</span></b> is a former ambassador of India To Turkey who settled in Ankara after retirement. He represents major Indian papers. <br> In his article Mr. <b><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(160,255,255) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">Singh</span> </b>takes the reader through a tour of Turkey while narrating the history of localities. It is a must reading for people interested in history, ancient ruins and peoples. <br> Download this article from our WWW location and give it to people who are interested more about what Turkey can offer: Hittite, Urartian, Byzantine, Roman, Greek, Seljuk, Ottoman Islamic to Christian, Cleopatra with Anthony... </p> <p><i><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/15days.htm" target="_blank">Full article is available on the web</a>. <br> <span style="COLOR: red"><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html#top" target="_blank"> Back to top</a></span> </i></p> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></h1> <h1><b><span lang="TR"><span> </span>TURKPULSE<span> </span>............................AUGUST 26th,<span> </span>2000</span></b></h1> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>( Also published by <b>Turkish Daily News,Ankara ,</b> without daily program in 1997)</span></h1> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">A<span> </span>SWEEP<span> </span>THROUGH<span> </span>HISTORY<span> </span>AND<span> </span>TIME</span></b></h1> <h2><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">15 DAYS IN TURKEY</span></h2> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> </span></p> <h3><span lang="TR" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal">Amb (Retd) K. Gajendra Singh</span></h3> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">(Guest Writer)</span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">A cascade of slim minarets piercing the Istanbul skyline comes to mind, when most people think of Turkey or the memories of the terrible Turks from the days of Janissaries and Crusades, when in 1453 the Byzantine capital Constantinople became the Ottoman Istanbul, with the 6th century magnificent St. Sophia Church converted into a mosque (but the Ottoman architects could never get away from its conceptual construct). Apart from the famed Topkapi and the Dolmabahce Palaces with their unmatched treasures and other Ottoman monuments, Istanbul has monuments and ruins from its millennium and half long Roman and Byzantine past (Turkey has more Greek monuments than Greece and more Roman sites than Italy)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> But this sweep does not encompass Istanbul nor all historic Christian places, ie Chalcedon, Nicomedea, Nicea or all the churches of revelation; for, Asia Minor as Turkey was then known was also a cradle of Christianity.<span> </span>Nor Testament's Mount Ararat and Noah's Ark with ruins of beautiful Armenian Churches and Urartian monuments in the region of Kars and Van. Nor the fabled Pontus Trabzon nor Sumela monastry on<span> </span>the Black Sea coast of the Golden Fleece, whence emerged Xenophon and his ten thousand after an arduous journey through Kurdish speaking lands. Nor Divrigi, with its masterpieces of pre-Ottoman architecture. Or Amazon Queen founded Sinop, the birthplace of cynic Diogenes who told off Alexander the Great for shutting out his sunlight. Nor even Bursa and Edirne, the first two capitals of the Ottoman Sultans.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Starting from the Republic's historic capital Ankara, we pass by the Phyrigian Gordion (of its knot and oracle), the capital city of King Midas of the golden touch; birthplace and tomb of Nassreddin Hoja (Shiekh Chilli); Sardis in West Turkey, the Lydian capital and Persian Acheamenean Empire's outpost in Ionia (from which came the word Yunan ), of rich as King Croesus and the golden fleece; Troy of Helen, Achillies, Paris and Priam and across the Dardenelles Galipoli; where thousands of Indian soldiers lie buried from WW1; Assos, facing the island of Lesbos, where Aristotle taught; Bergama of physician Galen, a rival city to Ephesus, Antioch and Alexandria, the first two being in Turkey. Also Izmir, the old Smyrna, Homer's birth place (where Aristotle Onasis also lived) and the richest architectural site Ephesus, the Carian city of St Paul's church, Virgin Mary is believed to be buried nearby (Scylax, from whose navigation of Indus for Darius, the West knew first of India, was from Caryanda, also a Carian city); Priene, the spectacular Ionian city, whose oracle along with neighbouring Didim's was as well known as Delphi's.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We then move to Miletus of 6th century BC, of the first thinkers. Thales, Anneximender, Anneximenes, spiritual forefathers of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, where the Greek and Western philosophy germinated, also of Hecataeus, who in touch with Persians wrote about India, and then come to Bodrum, the ancient Halicarnassus, birth place of Herodotus, father of<span> </span>history, with a Crusader castle and the first funeral monument called Mausoleum in memory of King Mausolus. Not far is Aphrodisias, excavated only in the 1980s<span> </span>with temples of Aphrodite and Hierapolis and its cotton castles. We pass by old Lycian cities, Knidos, Telmessus,<span> </span>Pinara, Letoonia of goddess Leto, Artemis; Xanthus, where women committed Jauhar (set themselves on fire) against the Persians in 5th century BC, Patara of its famous oracle, also the birthplace of St Nicholas (Santa Claus), whose Church is not far away at Demre. Then soon in Pamphylia comes Yanartas, with remains of fire snorting Chimera killed by Belerophon flying on a winged horse Pegasus (Mobil's logo). Then to Phaselis with Roman and Byzantine harbours; Antalya founded by Attalus II, ruled in turn by Romans, Byzantines, Crusaders, Seljuk and Ottoman Turks as were so many places in Turkey, with a fluted minaret, like a section of Delhi's Qutub Minar; Perge, with ruins of temples of Zeus, Artemis; Aspendos, and its theatre ,where<span> </span>today's concerts hold 20,000 persons; Side with temples of Athena, Appollo; Alanya's castle and its golden beach - Mark Antony got the sand from Egypt to charm Cleopatra.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Then after a beautiful drive come up to the plateau plains of Konya (old Christian Iconium of first Lady Saint Theckla), of whirling Dervishes of Jalaluddin Rumi, the capital of the Seljuks, with their masterpieces; Catal Huyuk of proto-earth mother goddess, 8000 years old, one of the earliest towns. Then down past Alharan monastry, along river Goksu, where Holy Roman Emperor drowned ending the 3rd Crusade. Go further down to Cilicia; Silifke and ethereal Kizkalesi with its legends; Olba, of temple of Tyche, goddess of Fortune, mausoleum of Priape, god of fertility and illegitimate son of Zeus and Aphrodite. Nearby is the site of Heaven and Hell with its Chapel of Virgin Mary and the cave of scaly fire breathing monster Python; Viranshir (Soli), birth place of Chrisipus, founder of the earliest Stoic school in 3rd century BC.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">After passing by the modern port of Mersin, come to Tarsus, birth place of St Paul, where Cleopatra seduced Mark Antony. Up north in the mountains are Cilician gates, from where Alexander ( & other conquerors going east or west) passed through to the Cukurova plains, littered with Crusader castles; Issus, where Alexander defeated Darius III in 333 BC. After crossing the Syrian gates and passing by Ottoman mosques and medresses, come to Antakya (ancient Antioch) on river Orantes founded by Sileucus Nikator (who knew well Chandra Gupta Maurya), with its most magnificent collection of mosaics. Here followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time, St Peter and St Paul first preached here. It changed hands between Persians, Arabs, Byzantines and others. Down south Cleopatra married Mark Antony and there is a village where Moses came to meet prophet Hizir.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">After Gaziantep, comes later day 8th BC capital of Hittites, Carchemis, conquered by Assyrian King Saragon II and then Urfa, where prophet Abraham stayed before going on to Cannan (buried in Hebron), it is also ancient Edessa, founded by Alexander's Macedonians, where the first large Christain community grew, seat of Crusader Kingdom of Baldwin I.Here Greek works were translated into Syriac and Aramaic and later into Arabic and thus preserved, veritably a city of mosques and churches. To the south is Harran with its beehive looking houses, the play ground of prophets Jacob and others, where Roman Emperor Crassus was defeated by the Parthians. This is upper Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilisations, where the prevedic Sanskrit speaking and Aryan gods worshipping Indo-Aryans ruled their Mitanni Kingdom from 1500 to 1200 BC.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Go up north via Nemrut Dagi, of King Commagene, who brought together eastern Persian and western Roman gods, with larger than life size statues of Apollo, Tyche, Zeus, Hercules and Mithradates on a mountain top, also a temple of goddess Cybel. Leaving Salahaddin's Diyarbakir after a long drive past carpet making center Bunyan and Kayseri (old Ceasara Mazaca) come to the famous Cappadoccia with its moon-like landscape, fairy chimneys and 3000 rock churches with six-level underground cities, where Christians hid from Roman persecution. Then after visiting Sivas, take a detour via Zile, where Julius Ceaser uttered 'Veni, vidi, vichi'<span> </span>and on to the old Pontus Kingdom Amasya, on river Yesilirmak reminding of Srinagar, birth place of geographer Strabo and an important Hellenic, Byzantine and Ottoman center. Then to Bogazkoy, with its magnificent capital and impregnable Citadel, the center of Indo-European Hittite civilisation from 1900 BC to 1100 BC, who ruled right up to Babylon, Palestine and the Aegean Sea. Cuneiform tablets found here (and Tel Amarna in Egypt) throw light on the Mitanni Kingdom and preserved treaties refering to gods Varuna, Indra, Mitra etc and a Mitanni treatise on horse training using Sanskrit phrases (can be seen in Istanbul Archeological Museum). The supposed Mitanni capital Wassukkani between Mardin and Diyarbakir is yet to be discovered.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <h3><span lang="TR">DAY<span> </span>BY<span> </span>DAY<span> </span>PROGAMME</span></h3> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY-1</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <span> </span>ANKARA ( Capital since 1923) - Polatli - Turko Greek War memorial.<span> </span>GORDIUM - Alexander the Great cuts the Gordian knot in 333 BC. PHRYGIAN kingdom capital, Tomb of KING MIDAS (around 800 BC), the tomb and an adjoining Museum can be visited. Also the city of Gordium, being excavated. Village of NASRETTIN HOCA Sivrihisar (old 19th century Armenian church) PESSINOS (20 km off Sivrihisar) centre of Roman GALATIA, temple of CYBELE- MIDAS CITY (Yazil Kaya) Aslantash. AFYONHISAR. Afyon Castle - wooden SELJUK mosque. Lunch at Ikbal Restaurant. SARDIS - inhabited for 5000 years - capital of LYDIAN EMPIRE. Prostitution allowed to earn dowry. Later major Roman city - Temple of many-breasted ARTEMIS (200 BC). Last of the KING CROESUS (rich as Croesus), first minted coins of gold and silver - legend of the GOLDEN FLEECE. One of the Seven churches, Akhisar, the old THYATRA - another Lydian city. Go to<span> </span>BALIKESIR. Rest.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 2</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>GRANICUS (GONEN river); ALEXANDER Kills Darius III's two Persian commanders - Canakkale on straits of Dardanelles - across Gallipoli of WW1. Troy of Trojan horse and war, ILLIAD, HELEN, AGAMEMNON, CLYTEMNESTEA, PARIS, ODYSSUS, Troy VII was city of<span> </span>PRIAM. There are at least 7 layers of cities on Troy controlling the entry to DARDANELLES and MARMARA sea and BLACK SEA COAST. BABAKALE - Westernmost point of Asia Minor, Bahramkale (ASSOS) - Temple of ATHENA - Socrates taught here - can see across to the Greek island of LESBOS - AYVALIK - a Greek town (till 1923) - Bergama (PERGAMUN) – old HELLENISTIC city - rival to EPHESUS, ANTIOCH and ALEXANDRIA (in Egypt) in ancient times.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 3</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Visit to Pergamun Ruins (originals in Berlin Museum). Parchment invented after Egyptians cut off - AESCLEPIOS - God of Medicine. Birth place of Galen- physician and medical authority of ancient times - temple of Egyptian deities - BEYAZIT I (1398-99) monuments. Visit to Acroplis Sanctuary of DEMETER, Temple of ZEUS and ATHENA Polias Nikeperous - in DORIC style. Temple of TROJAN, theatre for 10,000. Candarli - with 13th century GENOESE fortres. Aliaga - AOELIAN city. Foca - 'PHOCAENS were pioneer navigators so said HERODOTUS. Manisa - old MAGNESIA - Izmir - old SMYRNA Ionians settled in 9th century BC. Others ie Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Crusaders, Ottomans and Tamurlane also came. Homer's birth place. He wrote Illiad and Odyssy here. Also city of Aristotle Onasis and French PM Ballandur – Kusadasi - Rest.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 4</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>EPHESUS - Founded by Amazons - country of Carians. Temple of ARTEMIS (564-546 BC) - ALEXANDER visited in 334 BC Library of CELSUS - Church of EPHESUS built by ST. PAUL in AD 53 - Church of VIRGIN MARY - built in 2nd century AD - first church for Virgin Mary. Temple of SERAPIS - Temple of Hadrian, SELJUK Mosque - BASILICA OF ST. JOHN - ISA BEY MOSQUE. PRIENE - spectacular IONIAN city - 4th century BC. First Hellenistic city, temple of DIONYIAS Temple of Athena. Miletus of THALES, ANAXIMENDER, ANAXIMENES, Didyma -TEMPLE OF APPOLO - Head of MEDUSA. Alexander declared son of Zeus by local oracle. Lake Bafa - across HERAKLEA and Latmos</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 5<span> </span></span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Bodrum - ancient HALICARNASSUS - birthplace of historian Herodotus - father of history, according to West. In ancient times part of DORIAN Confederacy. Crusader castle of ST. PETER (Petronium - from which comes Bodrum). Castle of Knights of ST JOHN - a major landmark. Also the first MAUSOLEUM (funeral monument) - one of the SEVEN WONDERS of the world - in memory of King MAUSOLUS, built by his widow. Now a popular Bohemian resort<span> </span>MILAS, temple of ZEUS. APRODISIAS - named after Goddess APHRODITE - excavated in 1980s so most things are intact. Huge theatre, stadium for 30 000. Beautiful statues in the Museum. Pamukkale (cotton castle), shimmering white cascades formed by limestone laden hot springs which have formed stalactites potholes and cotton made architecture. Nearby HIERAPOLIS - ruins over miles, founded by Eumenes II of Pergamun. This was destroyed in first century, but rebuilt in 2nd/3rd centuries and we see the ruins from there. Sleep at Pamukkale.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 6</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Mugla-Marmaris - Beautiful harbour and resting point for yachts. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DATCA - Knidos. Temple of APHRODITE by PRAXITELES (390 -30 BC). Dalyan - famous beach for giant LOGGERHEAD TURTLES. Pass by Fethiye big resort town - KAYA( known as Kormylassos) - an eerie ghost town of Greeks who left for Greece in 1920s (1.5 million left for Greece and half million Turks came) Oludeniz (Dead Sea). Sleep Fethiye.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 7<span> </span></span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Visit TELMESSUS an old LYCIAN city (6th century BC) old name of Fethiye - rock tombs - now a beautfiul city in a calm protected bay. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">PINARA - an ancient city existing since Trojan war (1200 BC) church, theatre, tombs in mountain heights. LETOON -Temples of Goddess LETO, ARTEMIS </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">and APPOLO. Mosaics of Lye, the sun, bow and arrow, only LYCIAN mosaics. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">LETO, mistress of Zeus, whose wife HERA hounded her to exile. Gave births to ARTEMIS and APPOLO. XANTHUS- Ampi-theatre, HARPIS Tomb. PILLAR TOMBS - Lycian sarcaphagus covered by 250 lines of Lycian Greak poem. Earliest 'Johar' - when Persians attacked Xantus in 540 BC, Lycians set ablaze their wives and children then fought to the last man. Lycians repeated it in 42 BC, when Brutus arrived to raise money. PATARA - Birth place of SAINT NICHOLAS (SANTA CLAUS) Ruins of harbour, Granary of HADRIAN. Was famous for ORACLE of APPOLO, as famous as of DELPHI. Resort town of Kas. KALE (Myra) - here ST. NICHOLAS, the original Santa Claus was Bishop in 4th century AD. Myra has St. NICHOLAS 's Church, an Amptitheatre, most impressive rock tombs in whole of LYCIA. Sleep at Kale.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 8<span> </span></span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>OLYMPUS: located in a gorge between two mountains, once a pirate hide-out. Piracy stamped out by Roman General Pompey 2000 years ago. Needs excavation. Ahmet tried to drive over the sand-got struck - had to bring a tractor to take out the car. Go on dust track to go to CHIRALI and walk up 40 minutes to YANARTAS, where tiny flames appear from rocks, which children try to stamp out. According to legend, these are the remains of CHIMERA, a snorting monster, with lion's head, goat's body and serpent's tail- killed by LYCIAN HERO BELEEROPHON, who flew over the mountains on his winged horse PEGASUS (Mobil Oils symbol). PHASELIS - an ancient Greek city at the top of peninsula - founded by RHODIANS in 690 BC or even earlier. Two<span> </span>harbours - ROMAN and BYZANTINE. Main avenue, theatre, baths, market temple etc. lovely warm water in end March, when one can see snow packed Olympus nearby. ANTALYA - a modern city with 5-star hotels and lovely beaches nearby. Founded by ATTALUS II, King of PERGUMUN (159-136 BC) ruled by ROMANS, BYZANTINES, SELJUK, TURKS, CRUSADERS and OTTOMANS since 1391. Italians occupied it (in 1919-21). Known for FLUTED MINARET ( built 1230 by Seljuk Alaeddin Kekubat). Many medresses, tombs and mosques. Ruins of TERMESSUS - a city Alexander could not conquer. During Roman and Byzantine days, a city of 150,000 - a city of PISIDIANS. Tomb of ALCETAS, Alexander's General defeated and killed here in 319 BC. Ruins of Temples of ZEUS, ARTEMIS etc. PERGE. -ASPENDOS - most well preserved Ampitheatre, seating 20,000 people, where concerts are held nowadays. Resort town of SIDE - very popular with Germans. Founded in 13th - l4th century BC. LYDIANS and PERSIANS occupied it. Conquered by ALEXANDER in 334 BC - Ruled by Selucid Ptolemies. Has Ampitheatres, temples of ATHENA and APOLLO. MEN (moon Goddess) - Visit ALANYA castle and Dalmatas Cave- Sleep Alanya.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 9</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Drive back. See ALARHAN ( Seljuks built it in l3th century). Drive </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">towards Konya through beautiful scenery. BEYSEHIR lake city has very old </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">wooden mosques. SILLE - ruins of CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL and spring dated 1732. KONYA - capital of Seljuk Empire between 1071 and 1308. Known as ICONIUM, ST. PAUL visited it many times. Visit ALAEDIN MOSQUE, KARATAY MEDRESE and Tekke of MAULANA JALALEDDIN RUMI, famous mystic, born in Afghanistan settled here (died 1273) whose WHIRLING DERVISHES have headquarters here. CATAL HOYUK - a stone-age town going back to 8000 years - STATUES OF MOTHER GODDESS AND FERTILITY - KARAMAN - ALAHAN - monastery of TARASIUS. MUT - here on river Goksu, Holy Roman Emperor BARBAROSSA drowned in 1190, while bathing, thus ended the THIRD CRUSADE. SILIFKE - old name SELUCIA and CALYCADMUM -one of 9 cities founded by Selucus Nicator in 3rd century BC. AYATEKLA, burial place of St. THECLA, Virgin and martyr, St. Paul's first woman convert. Sleep east of Silifke. Looking from your hotel at KIZKALESI. Ethereal when illuminated.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 10</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <span> </span>Visit OLBA ( 30 km north of Silifke) conglomeration of HELLENISTIC. ROMAN, BYZANTINE remains. Temple of TYCHE, goddess of Fortune - Mausoleum of PARIAPE- God of Fertility - Priape, illegitimate son of Zeus and Aphrodite. Zeus's zealous wife Hera deformed the child giving him a Phallus equal to his height. NARLIKUYU mosaic of THREE GRACES, daughters of Zeus - HEAVEN AND HELL. Go down 452 stairs to chapel dedicated to VIRGIN MARY. In the end come to PYTHON'S Cave, home of scaly, frightening, fire breathing monster. Also this gloomy pit is known as HELL. Viransehir (POMPEIOPOLIS) earliest place for Stoics. Also known as Soli, birth place of Chrysipus, founder of Stoic school of philosophy in 3rd century BC. He wrote 750 books on Stoicism. MERSIN, a big port. TARSUS birth place of St. PAUL - history going back to 14th century BC. Visit St. PAUL ARCH. CLEOPATRA's GATE, Cave of Seven Sleepers. Here CLEOPATRA seduced MARK ANTONY. Just north of Tarsus is mountain pass CILICIAN GATES, Xerxes and his 100,000 men and Alexander the Great passed through it. ADANA in the middle of CILICIAN PLAINS, called CHUKUROVA. Great Cotton Textile and Industrial Centre. Visit Roman Bridge built by HADRIAN. Ulu Cami (1507) by ruler of Ramzanoglu Turks - 90 miles South East of Adana - port of Ayas, visited by MARCO POLO. East of Adana are many Crusader Castles, like Toprakkale, Gulek Castle etc. DORTYOL (ISSOS). Here Alexander defeated Persian Armies under Darius III in 333 BC. Darius fled leaving behind his harem. It opened the whole of Asia for Alexander. PAYAS - OTTOMAN mosque, Madress complex of Sokullu Mehmet by Mimar Sinan. Also 13th century CRUSADER CASTLE. A few more on the way - Syrian Gates or Balen pass. Bagras castle (Byzantine) - Antakya (Antiochus) on river Orantes.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 11</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Antakya (by Selecus Nikatar in 300 BC). Roman province in 81 BC. A great city of antiquity. Mosaic museum. Perhaps the best in the world. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jesus' followers first came to be known as 'Christians' here. St Paul's first </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ministry. Grotto where St Peter first preached. His church. Occupied by </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Byzantines, Persians and Arabs and Crusaders. Shrine of DAPHNE, 20 km </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">towards Samandag. Here CLEOPATRA was married toMARK ANTONY. Monuments to God APOLLO Samandag - Mountain of St. Simeon. Also visit the port Seleucia Pieria. Kept in order by flushing of water brought through a canal hewed out of rock. TUNNEL OF VESPIAN. And tombs of Roman notables in the hills. Also HIDIRBEY village, with Prophet HIZIR'S TREE. Moses met Hizir in this place. Time now to go to Gaziantep via Hassa and Islahiye. Ataturk added GHAZI TO ANTEP, when this town fought valiantly against the French Troops in WWI. Stay for night.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 12</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Visit CARCHEMISH - modern day Barak. HITTITE CAPITAL till eight century BC - conquered by ASSYRIAN<span> </span>KING<span> </span>SARGON II (722-705 BC) Battle ground between Pharaoh Neco against NEBUCHADNEZZAR, CHALDIAN KING OF BABYLON. Two thousand years later Khedive Ismail of Egypt gave Ottomans a crushing defeat. Pass by Nizip - Birecik - old Apamea. MARK ANTONY made a disasterous campaign against PARTHIANS in 36BC. URFA - the old EDESSA. Here PROPHET ABRAHAM stayed before he left for CANAAN. Mosque complex around Abraham cave, pool which saved ABRAHAM when thrown into it (a fire) by King NIMROD. Edessa is full of history. Eastern capital of NICATOR kingdom. GREEK WORKS TRANSLATED INTO SYRIAC/ARAMAIC - later into Arabic.Thus knowledge </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">saved. Crusader City under BALDWIN I. Mongols destroyed Edessa in 13th Century. One can visit the Citadel, old churches and mosques. First biggest community of Christians after Antioch. HARRAN South of Urfa - Old Northern Mesopotania. Famous for Beehive houses. FIRST MOSQUE IN ASIA MINOR. The play ground of Prophets - Jacob and others. Temple of Sin-Moon God (first university in ancient times). Here REBECCA drew water for JACOB, Roman Emperor CRASSUS defeated by PARTHIANS. With waters from Ataturk Dam, will become a breadbasket<span> </span>again. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY13</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Start early. Pass by to see Ataturk Dam, biggest hydro-electric </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">project in Turkey. Go to Eski Kahta. NEMRUT DAGI (MOUNT NEMRUT), </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">COMMAGENE's ruler Antiochus I's final resting palace. A tiny independent </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">state between ROME and PARTHIA But marvellous life size statues of KINGS and GODS - WESTERN AND EASTERN, APOLLO, TYCHE (Fortune) ZEUS and HERCULES. GOD MITHIRA of light and darkness - caves for worship of CYBELE. A Roman bridge built by Emperor SEPTIMUS SEVERUS and in use an old SELJUK bridge. Come back to Adyaman and drive to Kahraman Maras, famous for ice cream, and to stay.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 14</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Another early start - drive by BUNYAN - old carpet centre -KAYSERI - ancient CEASAREA MAZACA. Go around CAPPADOCIA - Urgup - Derinkuyu - AVANOS. Part of Hellenic kingdoms and Roman Empire. Amazing landscape. Nearby Erciyes, (1300 ft. high mountain - ARGAUS), 3rd highest in Turkey, converted the surrounding landscape with the torrent of lava, in one of the great upheavels on earth. Later, nature's jewellers rain, snow, floods, winds and heat created deep valleys, fissures, cones and columns and high chimneys. Veritably a lunar landscape. Several of earliest church fathers lived in this area. There are 3000 ROCK CHURCHES caved out of THESE COLUMNS and FAIRYTALE SCULPTURES. Ihlara, deep valley has churches on the sides. Then there are underground cities (8 storeys) hewn inside the rock for Christians to escape Romans, later Arab invaders. Drive to SIVAS and sleep there.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 15</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Start early again. Visit the Mosques and drive to TOKAT and a </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">detour of ZILE (where Julius Ceaser on defeating son of MITHIRADATES in 4 </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">hours said: "Veni Vedi Vici". An old Seljuk mosque. Drive along Yesilirmak </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">river. Lovely scenery. Lunch at AMASYA - birth place of Geographer STRABO - A scenic ancient town on Yesilirmak - reminds of Srinagar houses on Jhelum. Rock tombs of PONTUS KINGS. Important HELLENESTIC, BYZANTINE and OTTOMAN centre. Vast old Mederese, Turbe of Danishmand period. Complex of Beyazit II mosque and Mederse, etc. Leave via Chorum to ALACAHOYUK, YAZILKAYA and BOGAZKALE. Central area of Hittite civilisation from 1900 BC to 1100 BC. In 1930 was discovered at Alacahoyuk, SUN DISK now symbol of ANKARA. The Sphinx Gate. Yazilkaya (written on rock) from 1275 BC to 1220 BC, Shrine of Hittite emperors. Succession of dieties wearing. long conical caps march out. Hittites had 1000s gods. Many Gods have Hurrian and Hatti names. From Bogazkoy (Hattusa), Hittites'<span> </span>capital, they ruled a vast empire, south up to CYPRUS & AEGEAN. A majestic city. Visit KING'S GATE and LION'S GATE. Yerkapi 200 feet long tunnel under the wall. Well protected CITADEL. GREAT temple. More than 3000 cuneiform tablets found. One tablet on Treaty of Peace quoted pre-Vedic Indian Gods like Varuna, Indira , Mitra, Natasya etc. Another has a treatise on horse-training by a MITTANI, closer to pre Vedic SANSKRIT. MITTANIS, an Indo Aryan aristocracy ruled<span> </span>in South East of Turkey and North Syrian region. Return to Ankara - really tired but exhilarated. What a lot to see and comprehend in just 15 days.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">What more can one see and learn in 15 days; for, Turkey was cradle and center for over 40 civilisations and intermingling of culture from Europe, Africa, Central Asia & the Middle East , some of them being, Hittite, Mitanni, Assyrian, Upper Mespotamian, Phyrigian, Urartian, Armenian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman etc, with 3000 ancient cities<span> </span>and over 50,000 ancient monuments, graves, caves, mounts etc even in a fast action packed itinerary. The author has visited all places mentioned (many more than once), though not at a stretch. Often at equally hectic pace. To go around Turkey again was a major attraction for the second posting as Ambassador during 1992-96, (the first was in 1969-73). But there are still many places to visit; Van, Ani of the Armenian Churches, Kars of mystic Gurdjieff, Divrigi of pre-Ottoman masterpieces and Dogubeyazit, with its 'fossil' Ark and<span> </span>a climb up to Mount Ararat (although videotaped and photographed from air).<span> </span></span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">K.Gajendra Singh –Former Indian Ambassador to Turkey (1992-96) year 1996 ,Ankara</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span> </p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prints </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1 Inside Harem of Topkapi -Istanbul</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Bosphorous and bridge connecting Europe and Asia </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Covered bazar-, Istanbul </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">2 Priene, the spectacular Ionian city of Greeks</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Whirling Dervishes of Jalaluddin Rumi of Konya (old Christian Iconium)</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">3 Antakya (Antioch) Grotto where St Peter held the first mass <span> </span></span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Trojan horse at Troy of Helen, Achillies, Paris and Priam</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">4 Mardin, an ancient city on hill – , beyond the plains of Euphrates and Tigris</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Salahaddin's Diyarbakir, Kurds stong hold – street scene with Armenian and other chuches </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Hassn Kief of Salahaddin's dynasty –on river Tigris , now submerged by a dam</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Hittite ( from1900 -1100 BC) Bogazkale impregnable Citadel on windy highlands ( my hair !!) </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">5 Amasya founded by an Amazon Queen , birth place of geographer Strabo </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Ephesus <span> </span>library -the richest architectural site, the Carian city of St Paul's church</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>King Midas ( of golden touch ) City</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">6 Urfa, ancient Edessa where prophet Abraham stayed before going on to Cannan </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Sinop founded by an Amazon Queen ,the birthplace of cynic Diogenes </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Sumela monastry on<span> </span>the Black Sea coas, where Xenophon emerged with 10,000. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">7 Sardis of King Croesus, the Lydian capital and Persian Acheamenean Empire's outpost </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Kizkalsi on Cilicia with romantic legend</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Theatre down the hill -Bergama of physician Galen</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">9 Theatre at Hierapolis near Pamukkale</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Miletus of 6th century BC, of the first Greek thinkers. Thales, Anneximender, Anneximenes</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">10 Nemrut Dagi, of King Commagene, Self among Persian and western Roman gods</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Note!<span> </span>some of the prints may not be very good becuase of poor film and development !!</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p></div><br></div><br></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-4938792105754371002010-01-22T11:09:00.001-08:002010-01-22T11:09:19.868-08:00Travel to Timbuctou<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguboLr3C8zdsqdaxJ-lOAzCnSyC57r3ox5d29ST_lRY3a3ZwBukBe2G4RvMCAUqvjaVo7kbo1OjlCjIgWzcq_Z3J-HJur44lC-u0mI9EXeMVbXH9OKRd1xMZsJ4c5C-r0BckI6OTbznP8/s1600-h/TimbGvMsqMopMn1-759869.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguboLr3C8zdsqdaxJ-lOAzCnSyC57r3ox5d29ST_lRY3a3ZwBukBe2G4RvMCAUqvjaVo7kbo1OjlCjIgWzcq_Z3J-HJur44lC-u0mI9EXeMVbXH9OKRd1xMZsJ4c5C-r0BckI6OTbznP8/s320/TimbGvMsqMopMn1-759869.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5429643365225656594" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTf6ZEiF8x0oQmsJbnN-sGaBHineRai99h2qruBMw1tUGnTcz4L2PjL0EVXfJRcodhyc3JwbBaQMxi6uSgBTsNmmxUOe2-PU5qdX6klGx5DxeN6Hm4hRO1Gd5LJ_vX_w-Y-s5kdjlynpk/s1600-h/TimbctuNgrSnkhMn-761520.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTf6ZEiF8x0oQmsJbnN-sGaBHineRai99h2qruBMw1tUGnTcz4L2PjL0EVXfJRcodhyc3JwbBaQMxi6uSgBTsNmmxUOe2-PU5qdX6klGx5DxeN6Hm4hRO1Gd5LJ_vX_w-Y-s5kdjlynpk/s320/TimbctuNgrSnkhMn-761520.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5429643373961619570" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8xp1NuTRHreitXGn7MvgSJBMOnj0uFOswpuZdsFOttuI-uaoVYcf8D4zVyeUkhE1wA8SacGAfUwL2hoG_xowO7xTGvDe6s4d5Xr7XvjX5SeAbTe2tpYLyDijk-z_QaM95mIKcV_l_IWc/s1600-h/TimbHousStrMn-762429.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8xp1NuTRHreitXGn7MvgSJBMOnj0uFOswpuZdsFOttuI-uaoVYcf8D4zVyeUkhE1wA8SacGAfUwL2hoG_xowO7xTGvDe6s4d5Xr7XvjX5SeAbTe2tpYLyDijk-z_QaM95mIKcV_l_IWc/s320/TimbHousStrMn-762429.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5429643378552477906" /></a></p><br> <h1 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">1. Mopti on River </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Niger</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>2. <span style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line; COLOR: black">Djinguereyber</span> -Oldest Mosque, south of </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">3.With the Governor of Timbuctou in front of his office 4.University of Sankhore</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">5 River </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> from the boat on way 6. Street in Timbuctou</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">7 &8 Houses in which <span style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line; COLOR: black">Major Gordon Laing of </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line; COLOR: black">West India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line; COLOR: black"> Regiment, and Frenchman Rene Caille,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line; COLOR: black"><font face="Times New Roman">stayed and street scenes</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div> <div></div> <div class="h5"> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div> <div></div> <div><br> <div class="gmail_quote"><br> <div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">It has been used by Turkish Daily News, Ankara in 1996 and Asian Age, New Delhi, 2002</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><span> </span></span><span style="LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY TILL FIRST PUBLISHED</span></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <h1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><span> </span>THE AMBASSADOR'S JOURNAL </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18pt">@</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"></span></font></font></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">S.S. Timbaktou</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Mopti November 8, 1979.</font></font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">So, finally I am on my way to Timbaktou. Aboard a German built river vessel - aptly named Timbaktou. Only wish had done it 160 years ago. Things could not have been all that bad then. This is supposed to be a luxury cabin, but the Grundig all-world receiver doesn't function, the frig is too small, the cool blast from the air conditioner could have been colder. And since the boat is anchored, nothing is functioning now. But I am not complaining. The life of an explorer is, after all, hard. I begin the last phase of my hard journey at 2000 hrs. Everyone on board has been warned in advance about the VIP explorer. So I lose the aura of mystery and charm of anonymity.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">I left Bamako on 6th morning for a two-hour drive to Segu, an important industrial centre. There was little traffic and the road running parallel to river Niger was excellent. The topography reminded me of North M.P. region<span> </span>bordering U.P, dry shrubby interspersed with some mango trees. An ideal climate for grapes and citrus cultivation. Saw only millet being cultivated sporadically. The water potential of river Niger for irrigation is immense. As it flows mostly through flat lands, with small barrages or irrigation pumps, agriculture could bloom which could easily make Mali not only self-sufficient but an exporter of agricultural products. In contrast, the Egyptians have exploited every drop of water from Abu Simbel to Alexandria or for that matter the Iraqis, the waters of Euphrates and Tigris. Lack of population pressure, perhaps explains the scanty utilization of Niger's water. (So would have concluded Professor Arnold Toynbee).</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Segu is a small and dusty town with dry land architecture of a medium-sized district town in Rajasthan, barring the absence of milling and jostling crowds, which only Indian towns have. Called on the Governor, a rather taciturn and humourless bureaucrat one often comes across in India. I made my call as businesslike and brief as possible and left with an escort, a Police Inspector, to visit the State-run textile factory, built by the Chinese. The machinery is sturdy and not too modern and seems to be well run by the Malian technicians. There are supposed to be still 50 Chinois, although I espied only one. No more loitering around than in any Indian factory. Rated capacity 10 million yards per year. Didn't embarrass the Director-General, who was busy holding a conference, about capacity utilization. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Next on the menu was a sugar factory, again gifted by les Chinois, located another 60 kms. away of unsurfaced and dusty track. Crushing capacity 1000 tonnes per day. Once again not too complicated machinery, being competently run by the Malians themselves. Again saw only one Chinese, although nearly 40 still continue to be there. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">The Police Inspector and the guides were full of pride at Mali's industrialization. I dutifully listened to the intricacies of spinning, weaving and dyeing, thinking of my 5 months apprenticeship at Delhi Cloth Mills in Delhi in 1957. Didn't give our own textile or sugar production figures, as the Malians would not have believed it any way. Complemented the guides, including a petite Malianne, on their industrial progress and know how. Got myself group photographed and returned to the Officers' Rest House. In the evening visited the ancestral home of Malian Ambassador (in Dakar) Guisse, established by a Faith spreading priest from Senegal in the last century. Rambling big old house with women and children milling around exactly like in an old joint family house in India. Neither the patriarch nor any one else could give the exact number of children in the family. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">The Rest House was like any Circuit House in a medium Indian District, with aging mattresses, torn mosquito-nets and rattling air-conditioners. Sat out on the porch in the evening. Many Malians joined me and enjoyed my bad French and company; so I thought, till the bottle of Scotch was finished. I had a reasonably cooked meal. Complimented the cold and stern but rather good-looking Bambara Directrice of the hostel. By the time she had thawed, was too tired and went to sleep like a log. In the morning again visited Malian Ambassador's ancestral home. Had group photographs, for which the women turned out in all their festive finery. Left for Mopti, elated by the goodwill created.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>The over 400 kms. drive between Segu and Mopti was no different except for the length of distance and time & for a few desiccated hilly outcroppings. The road was reasonably good. Reached Mopti around 1.30 P.M. Called on the Governor, who had received the message of my visit and was patiently waiting, A friend of the Malian Ambassador Guisse, I handed over his letter. A Military Officer till the coup 11 years ago, the Governor has successfully turned himself into a civilian administrator. But still believes in the authority imparted by the uniform of the Commandant (Lt. Colonel). Mischievous mention of my NDC course made his military training to almost bring him to attention and made him even more polite. Discussed possibilities of cooperation between India and Mali. Found him rather knowledgeable about India till I realised that none of us had had lunch, He went to his adjoining bungalow on the Niger and I to my expanding Motel in Sevare 12 kms. away.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Mopti is an ancient trading centre, surrounded by the overflow of the confluence of river Beni and Niger and marshes. Les Chinoises are present here also, teaching intensive rice cultivation. So are the Americans with their Peace Corps volunteers. There were the usual bureaucratic boards proclaiming new projects, in case one did not notice the new methods of cultivation. In the evening, the Governor provided his Technical Counsellor as my escort. He was like our BDO, who can reel out statistics by yards. Took a few photographs (as proof of my visit) of the town with traditional ochre coloured banco houses and the 60-year old mosque. Visited a centre for fisheries, small atelier for construction of perouques traditional narrow long boats. Returned to the Motel after being suitably illuminated on the historic and commercial importance of Mopti. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Next morning, after bath and breakfast, left a gift of silver cuff links and a Panipat table napkins set for the Governor. Bought a patterned woolen blanket for 5000 Malian Francs (Rs. 95). I am now waiting without an AC or even a fan in my cabin for the boat to depart. Still another three-and-a-half hours to kill. Shall try to concentrate on 'Black Holes' in the universe and 'Love and Addiction', the latter a typical American best seller, which reduces love to a profit loss relationship. Sickening and pitiable.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">November 9, 1979 2200 hrs.</font></font></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">The boat has stopped at a largish village called Dire, where under the flash lights of the boat, a thriving market between the local population and the boat travellers has sprung up. There is much haggling and shouting. The local people wear pleasing and exotic local designs mixed up with imported designs, mostly stripes. The big boat's arrival (only for 4 months during Niger's flooding) is apparently a great occasion for the villagers, for which everyone seems to be festivally dressed up. Nevertheless, such a market has flourished here for centuries. Went down with a plain looking Canadian social worker from Bamako and her rather vivacious mother. Ate peanuts and returned through the milling crowds. Understand there is an experimental solar pump working nearby.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Tomorrow morning, will arrive at Timbaktou's port of Kabara, 12 kms. from the town. Have so neatly organised the expedition that there should be no slip now. I had purposely joined the Malian table in the boat's dining room. All of them are very solicitous and hospitable. The ship has about 12 French and other non-descript European travelers. Struck acquaintance with some. Found them disappointing, complaining about lack of maintenance of the boat and over-crowding; afraid that the boat might sink. Enquired if they know swimming, adding I did not. Sarcasm went flat.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">The boat, especially the crowded lower decks, is a world of its own, with people cooking and eating even on the top deck and the corridors. Not that I expected Maxim or Tour d'Argent standard, but the cuisine could have been better. The ship and its services are totally Malianized. Adequate and austere. No frills. That is the hardy lot of our explorer in the tradition of Mongo Park and Livingston. Shall recommend that tins and spices be carried by my successor explorers.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">The boat journey has been tranquil - no rolling or heaving. More or less uniform scenery with mud huts and Savannah land flora. Occasionally sand dunes encroach right up to the river. Took some photographs. Hope they are printable. Noticed a curious thing at one stop called Tonka. Old portable steam engines with boiler shells lying around. Of 50/60 year old vintage. Must investigate. Possibly an unsuccessful attempt at industrialization? Once again no serious attempt at sedentary cultivation. With various international funds and Arab organizations flush with surplus money, ideal place for a Punjabi farmer-entrepreneur. Have packed up and wrapped up a Moradabadi vase etc. for the Governor of Timbaktou. This, along with Ambassador Guisse's letter should make things easier. I hope that the uncertain flight on Sunday morning to Bamako takes off. Four days out of nowhere, even in a well-known place like Timbaktou might be too much. Keeping my fingers crossed. Took another two tablets of quinine. No point in getting down with malaria, if it can be avoided.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Timbaktou November 10, 1979.</font></font></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">So, I have reached Timbaktou. Disappointed. No. Was prepared, having gone through illustrated books on the ancient Eldorado. The mystery and the attraction was for the Euro-peans, which the Berbers (North Africans) ferociously guarded it as an endless source of slaves and for exchange of one ounce of gold dust for a pound of salt in normal times and par exchange in times of scarcity. The Berbers and the Arabs knew Timbaktou, had spread Islam and converted the Pagan rulers to the faith, in fact, making Timbaktou one of the greatest centres of Islamic learning.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Very little now remains of the past glory. From a peak population of over 100,000 it has now dwindled down to barely 20,000. Only two years ago made into a region ruled by a Governor (something like India's pre-independent district). Located 12 kms. away from Niger, on the edge of the Sahara desert, extending from North Africa to its outskirts, where at the modest hotel I have been lodged into. The streets are sandy, reminding one of the Loharu or some such town at the edge of the desert in India, before Bansilal's dynamism got the roads paved and agriculture-based affluence changed mud huts into brick houses.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">As the Protocol's telegram had not reached the Governor ,not surprising, arrived at the Governorate from the non-descript river port of Kabara. The Governor was extremely pleasant and helpful. Been on civilian duty for a year only. During training in USSR made friends with Indian officers. Straightaway arranged my flight back to Bamako next day, much to my relief. Arranged the sight-seeing with the Department of Tourism and sent his Information Officer Toure as an additional escort. The Governor was delighted with the Moradabadi vase. (The UP handicrafts can pitch its export sales on the slogan cf 'Our handicrafts reach Timbaktou'). Straightaway started the tour of the old city starting with the growing library of Ahmad Baba, a great historian and religious scholar who, out of hundreds kidnapped by the Moroccans in the l6th century and taken to Marakesh was the only one to survive and return to Timbaktou. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">The library is a fitting tribute to the Baba, whose library in l6th century boasted of several thousands of volumes, when most European scholars could count their collections in tens. So far it has retrieved nearly 1500 volumes, including one as old as 1292, found in a Bedouin tent. I have photographed it for posterity. The library also boasts of an excellent collection of currently published books on Islam, and history of Timbaktou and the region. Noted down names of books which interested me. Could easily spend weeks going through these volumes. However, the real ancient<span> </span>heritage in the form of books and writings is jealously guarded by the old established families of Timbaktou. Thousands of these works were carted away by the Moroccans and hundreds are in Paris. The owners here are highly reluctant to expose them to the visitors. One of them, my friend Toure informed me, had a hall full of them stacked upto the ceiling.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Also visited the oldest Djinguereyber mosque south of Sahara ,built in the l4th century. It was designed by Es Saheli, an architect of Spanish origin with its typical architecture of stone and banco, reinforced with palmyra logs, with its crenellated walls and conical towers. The ostrich egg at the top represents the moon, symbolising perennial light in the land of Islam (Daru-Islam). The palmyra logs apart from enhancing the esthetic beauty, provide scaffolding for the annual repairs after the rains. The third oldest mosque used to be the University of Sankore, a flourishing centre of learning from l4th century onwards.( Leo Africanus refers in his chronicles to 20,000 students and 130 Koranic schools in Timbaktou.)</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Also visited the plaqued houses, where the first-ever Europeans to come to Timbaktou had stayed. Major Gordon Laing of West India Regiment, who did reach Timbaktou by the Saharan route from Libya in 1826, was murdered on the city's outskirts while trying to return. Barring converted Europeans and renegades, who formed part of the Moroccan armies, Rene Caille, disguised as an Arab, was the first European to go back alive next year, after visiting Timbaktou by the Saharan route, but on reaching Fez, had to hide in the French Consul's house, till safe passage could be arranged. Such was the hostility of the Berbers and Arabs against European attempts to trace the Eldorado. The name of Timbaktou derives from , the place of old woman (tin) who used to guard the water well (baktoo) for the caravans coming and going across the Sahara. Only a touristic board now indicates that hallowed spot. All places of historic importance have been duly photographed for posterity and as a proof against detractors (of my visit).</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Let me now digress a little on the history of the region, with the middle reaches of river Niger as its artery. From Bamako to Gao, 1400 kilometres of the navigable waterway has assured, from ancient days, movement of people, merchandise and ideas. At the fringe of the Savannah land in West Africa, easily accessible to tropical forests in the south, its strategic location at the edge of the formidable but camel navigable Sahara extending upto Mediterranean and thence to Europe gave birth to flourishing trading centres like Djenne, Gao<span> </span>and Timbaktou. With affluence followed arts, culture, conquerors, adventurers, religious crusaders and thinkers, making Mali a cross-road of civilizations. The earliest to establish themselves in the area was the Empire of Ghana (no similarity with the present-day Ghana), beginning in 3rd/4th century AD, possibly founded by North African Berbers. Around 8th century, the local Sonikes took over and ruled it till overwhelmed by the crusading zeal of the puritan desert Berber (Touaregs - blue veiled men) converts, but it ended in general disruption and decay. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Once again it was the crusading zeal of newly converted Pagan Mandingo tribal rulers, which laid the foundation of the Empire of Mali in ll th <span> </span>century, reaching its zenith in the l4th century, under Mansa Mousa. He dazzled the world with his riches when he performed his historic Haj in 1324. The monarch was preceded by 500 slaves, each carrying a gold stuff weighing about 20 kilograms of gold and followed by nearly 100 camels each bearing about 150 kilograms of gold for purchases, gifts and alms. His generosity along the route so depressed the price of gold that it took a generation for it to recover. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">After the fall of the Mali Empire came Songhais from Gao; and Moroccans from the North , not satisfied with profits from the trade in gold and slaves, but to capture the goose itself. The first Moroccan expedition was led in 1590, by Judar Pasha, a converted Spanish eunuch with a force of 4000, equipped with artillery and fire arms (little known in the area). Nearly 3000 perished in the Sahara but the surprise and the superiority of the arms won the day. Moroccans poured in nearly 25,000 soldiers, thousands of them Europeans, converts and renegades. But the source of gold were down south and finally the Moroccan forces, in the usual fashion by inter-marriage and inter-mingling became part of the local population. The destruction caused by the Moroccan intervention and the opening out of the sea-routes to the Guinea coast in West Africa by the Europeans, led to the ultimate decline and decay of the region.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> November 12,1979.</span></i></b></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Returned back to civilization yesterday noon. It was bit of a relief. Hotel De 1'Amitiee, built by the descendants of the Pyramid builders (Egyptians) on the lines of Oberoi Intercontinental, is possibly the best maintained and run in this part, including Dakar hotels and d'Ivoire in Abidjan. On l0th evening in Timbaktou, with the Governor's tacit encouragement, my escort Toure took me to a typical only male gathering, which meets regularly on Saturdays. There were eight of them, mostly married and Government servants, dressed in typical booboos (long flowing robes which can cost upto as much as Rs. 4000 each with months of intricate hand-crafted embroidery), They were sprawled or reclining on a large duree which covered the first floor roof. Normally they discuss, gossip or listen to music. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Wish I had taken a cassette recorder to tape the haunting local music, akin to desert Tuareg music. I drank a few cups of sweetened lemon water spiced with ginger. This was the only time I drank un-bottled water during my safari and paid the penalty for it, in the tradition of Ibn-Batua , not that I could have refused this part of the hospitality. As is the local tradition, ate bread (like the Egyptian or Syrian-fermented and round like thick chapatis-Indian bread) with meat curry prepared with 12 local condiments of Timbaktou. the taste and smell was absolutely delicious. In the traditional Hamitic<span> </span>(North African - Berber) tradition, which has permeated down to the land of the black (Bled-As-Sudan), I was offered the choicest morsels of meat. There were no knives or forks. I generally discoursed on India, the industrial advances (doing my duty), democratic functioning and our secular set-up. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">Returned on foot through sand covered unlighted streets of Timbaktou, reminding me of my own childhood walks through Indian villages in the dark. Soon after return, started feeling the repercussions of drinking unfiltered Niger water and by early morning had involuntary purgings of my stomach and felt rather fatigued, further aggravated by lack of sleep that night and the night before. The hotel had a power cut (like Delhi nowadays) and it was quite something to pack or to shave in the morning at 5 A.M). with a single candle filched from Hotel De L'Amitiee. Left three bottles of water for the Canadian social worker and her mother. This gift of water in a desert, that too bottled, for the Europeans was highly appreciated. Mr. Toure presented to me in exchange for silver cuff links I had given him, necklaces and bangles made of weeds, a typically local handicraft - highly intricate, delicate and painstaking work, though not of lasting nature. </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">At the Timbaktou airport bought two pairs of chappals with Timbaktou emblazoned on them. Returned to Bamako accompanied by the Governor, who had to attend a Government meeting on the usual bureaucratic tussle between powers of judiciary and the executive. The flight, inspite of the forebodings of my friend, the Alitalia Manager, Sir Richard, who had strongly advised me to avoid it, if possible, was smooth and comfortable. It was a Russian aircraft, austerely converted to seat 52 passengers. The extra attention, because few Ambassadors based in Dakar or even Bamako visited Timbaktou, by shapely Bambara Hostesses, was rather flattering.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span></font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>(Gajendra Singh) </font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span>Ambassador</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">PS . This travelogue was essentially written for Tinoo and Bulbul. I hope you also enjoyed it.</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font color="#000000"><font face="Times New Roman">@(The author has no objection to the readers reproducing parts or the complete narrative, in or out of context, or even passing it off as their own travelogue)</font></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#000000"> </font></span></p> <div><br> <hr> Live the life in style with MSN Lifestyle. Check out! <a href="http://content.msn.co.in/Lifestyle/Default" target="_blank">Try it now!</a></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-51149138167823806932010-01-03T06:53:00.001-08:002010-01-03T06:53:15.137-08:00Webs-THE DECLINE and COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY<h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">The Decline</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> And </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</span></font></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">INFORMATION CLEARING HOUSE. NEWS, COMMENTARY & INSIGHT</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> By <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> In its backyard Latin America, USA maintained its dominance under Monroe doctrine except for <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">www.informationclearingho<b>us</b><a href="http://e.info/">e.info/</a> - 178k</span> - </font></font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:Gar8ufbJZcgJ:www.informationclearinghouse.info/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.informationclearinghouse.info/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu9FWW_RHsGUBP.RXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyZ3FkcGxtBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=11skvqvm6/EXP=1207282902/**http%3a/www.boloji.com/analysis2/0330.htm"><font color="#0000ff">The Decline and Coming Fall of US Hegemony by K. Gajendra Singh</font></a></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Decline</b> <b>and</b> <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b>. <b>of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>. By K. Gajendra Singh " <b>...</b> is now likely to morph into a <b>fall</b> because of the new forces unleashed by <b>the</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">www.<b><a href="http://boloji.com">boloji.com</a></b>/analysis2/0330.htm</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>38k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu9FWW_RHsGUBQORXNyoA/SIG=18seg76it/EXP=1207282902/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=The%2bDecline%2bAnd%2bComing%2bFall%2bOf%2bUS%2bHegemony%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.boloji.com/analysis2/0330.htm%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=M3A5LfH_Qj0i%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu9FWW_RHsGUBQeRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyOWVqbDNzBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNgRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=11r76v5a5/EXP=1207282902/**http%3a/uruknet.info/%3fp=m42600%26s1=h1"><font color="#0000ff">THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY :: www.uruknet.info ...</font></a></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">THE</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>DECLINE</b> & <b>COMING</b> <b>FALL</b> <b>OF</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>HEGEMONY</b>. K Gajendra Singh. March 30, 2008 " <b>...</b> western <b>hegemony</b> over the East and South during the last few centuries ,first <b>...</b></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="url"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://uruknet.info">uruknet.info</a></span></b></span><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">/?p=m42600&s1=h1</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>61k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu9FWW_RHsGUBQuRXNyoA/SIG=197he72bq/EXP=1207282902/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=The%2bDecline%2bAnd%2bComing%2bFall%2bOf%2bUS%2bHegemony%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=uruknet.info/%253Fp%253Dm42600%2526s1%253Dh1%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=LPnZ_vH_QjoQ%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></font></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></h2> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.eu-digest.com/2008/04/mwc-news-decline-of-us-hegemony-by.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">EU-DIGEST: MWC News - The Decline of US Hegemony - by Gajendra Singh</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">MWC News - <b>The Decline</b> of <b>US Hegemony</b> - by Gajendra Singh <b>...</b> bursting of the housing and financial bubbles and of the pursuance of the <b>U.S.</b> dollar <b>fall</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.eu-digest.com/2008/04/mwc-news-">www.eu-digest.com/2008/04/mwc-news-</a><b>decline</b>-of-<b>us</b>-<b>hegemony</b>-by.html - 21 hours ago</span> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.eu-digest.com/2008/04/mwc-news-decline-of-us-hegemony-by.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20%26%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></h2> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">The Progressive Mind-II: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">This site contains a number of links to articles, publications and editorials expressing progressive and humanistic viewpoints.<br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/">www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/</a><b>decline</b>-and-<b>coming</b>-<b>fall</b>-of-<b>us</b>-<b>hegemony</b>.html - 46k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:lKvPXnGfAfoJ:www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20%26%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.thoughts.com/thehughman1/blog/the-decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony-82053/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Thoughts.com Blogs - The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The Decline</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b>. By K Gajendra Singh In its backyard Latin America, USA maintained its dominance under Monroe doctrine except for <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.thoughts.com/thehughman1/blog/the-">www.thoughts.com/thehughman1/blog/the-</a><b>decline</b>-and-<b>coming</b>-<b>fall</b>-of-<b>us</b>-<b>hegemony</b>-82053/ - 25k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:mZ74tPIrrYIJ:www.thoughts.com/thehughman1/blog/the-decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony-82053/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.thoughts.com/thehughman1/blog/the-decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony-82053/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20%26%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=77052"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">4um: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Title: <b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> Source: ICH URL Source: <a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article19656.htm">http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article19656.htm</a> Published: Mar 31, 2008 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=77052">www.freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=77052</a> - 21k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:kEmCQHct1bAJ:www.freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi%3FArtNum%3D77052+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.freedom4um.com/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=77052"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20%26%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">HiddenMysteries - The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The Decline</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> | 0 comments | Create New Account. Newest First, Oldest First. Flat, Nested, No Comments, Threaded <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460">hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460</a> - 42k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:yyGndYitaioJ:hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php%3Fstory%3D20080401071631460+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20%26%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></h2> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.discussanything.com/forums/showthread.php?t=111622"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">The Decline And Fall Of US Hegemony? - DiscussAnything.com -</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The Decline</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> And <b>Fall Of US Hegemony</b>? The 'Big' Debates. <b>...</b> <b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall Of US Hegemony</b> By K Gajendra Singh <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">www.disc<b>us</b><a href="http://sanything.com/forums/showthread.php?t=111622">sanything.com/forums/showthread.php?t=111622</a> - 31k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:zOVp2TzLt5YJ:www.discussanything.com/forums/showthread.php%3Ft%3D111622+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.discussanything.com/forums/showthread.php?t=111622"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20%26%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">World-News: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b>. By <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> In its backyard Latin America, USA maintained its dominance under Monroe doctrine except for <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/">freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/</a> - 16k</span> - </font></font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:vrDC604b53oJ:freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&btnG=Search"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://rebellenation.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">ReBelle Nation</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF </b><b>US</b><b> HEGEMONY</b>. <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> ...An editorial titled ' Collapse of <b>U.S.</b> economy ' in Belleville Intelligencer of 27 Feb, <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://rebellenation.blogspot.com/">rebellenation.blogspot.com/</a> - 118k</span> - </font></font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:eJPV7K7T55oJ:rebellenation.blogspot.com/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:rebellenation.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&btnG=Search"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/2008/04/us-on-wane-everywhere.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">SONS OF MALCOLM: US ON THE WANE EVERYWHERE</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>US</b> ON THE WANE EVERYWHERE. <b>The decline</b> and <b>coming fall</b> of the USA <b>K Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> March 30, 2008 "History is ruled by an inexorable determinism in which <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/2008/04/">sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/2008/04/</a><b>us</b>-on-wane-everywhere.html - 95k</span> - </font></font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:IBvZ_HFFxusJ:sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/2008/04/us-on-wane-everywhere.html+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/2008/04/us-on-wane-everywhere.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.care2.com/c2c/share/detail/693508"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Care2 - April is Child Abuse Awareness Month</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">Blog: <b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> by Team O. (0 comments | discussions ) — By <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> In its backyard Latin America, USA maintained <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.care2.com/c2c/share/detail/693508">www.care2.com/c2c/share/detail/693508</a> - 73k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:-LLwh4d3_ncJ:www.care2.com/c2c/share/detail/693508+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=13&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.care2.com/c2c/share/detail/693508"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=102&topic_id=3251148&mesg_id=3251148"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Democratic Underground - Stock Market Watch: Tuesday, April 1 ...</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony By K Gajendra Singh</b>, Demeter, Apr-01-08 06:16 AM, #14. As Jobs Vanish and Prices Rise, Food Stamp Use Nears <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/disc">www.democraticunderground.com/disc</a><b>us</b>s/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=102&topic_id=3251148&mes... - 35k</span> - </font></font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:BpSzzwpzMfwJ:www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php%3Faz%3Dshow_mesg%26forum%3D102%26topic_id%3D3251148%26mesg_id%3D3251148+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=102&topic_id=3251148&mesg_id=3251148"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.ziopedia.org/10/20/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">ZioPedia - All There Is To Know About Zionism - Latest Articles</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">Thanks to the Internet, many of <b>us</b> are going through the same experience all over again as adults. <b>...</b> Written by <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>. Monday, 31 March 2008 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.ziopedia.org/10/20/">www.ziopedia.org/10/20/</a> - 101k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:NVXr7ZP_KowJ:www.ziopedia.org/10/20/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=15&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.ziopedia.org/10/20/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://ausvine.newsvine.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">ausvine.newsvine.com - Australian Viners</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">Top Indian diplomat & Middle East expert: <b>The Decline</b> of <b>US Hegemony</b> <b>...</b> MUST READ summary by <b>K. Gajendra Singh</b> - former top Indian diplomat & chairman of <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">a<b>us</b><a href="http://vine.newsvine.com/">vine.newsvine.com/</a> - 71k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:9VSV7RYNqm8J:ausvine.newsvine.com/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=17&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:ausvine.newsvine.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.theprogressivemind.info/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">The Progressive Mind-II</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">"if the VP of the <b>Us</b> visits a country, and the country begins to prepare itself for <b>....</b> "<b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b>. By <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.theprogressivemind.info/">www.theprogressivemind.info/</a> - 86k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:HgvAgoGxFakJ:www.theprogressivemind.info/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=18&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.theprogressivemind.info/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">INFORMATION CLEARING HOUSE. NEWS, COMMENTARY & INSIGHT</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>The Decline</b> And <b>Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> By <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> In its backyard Latin America, USA maintained its dominance under Monroe doctrine except for <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">www.informationclearingho<b>us</b><a href="http://e.info/">e.info/</a> - 178k</span> - </font></font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:Gar8ufbJZcgJ:www.informationclearinghouse.info/+THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY+by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=19&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.informationclearinghouse.info/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=THE+DECLINE+%26+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY++by+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></font></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.afromix.org/html/blogosphere/pays/senegal/index.en.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Blogs : Senegal</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman" size="2">by <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> (Extract from article which appeared on ICH 31 March 2008) An editorial titled ' Collapse of U.S. economy ' in Belleville Intelligencer <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.afromix.org/html/blogosphere/pays/senegal/index.en.html">www.afromix.org/html/blogosphere/pays/senegal/index.en.html</a> - 42k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:hDge_xS7bxcJ:www.afromix.org/html/blogosphere/pays/senegal/index.en.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=61&lr=lang_en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.afromix.org/html/blogosphere/pays/senegal/index.en.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=60&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">·</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkjZwp_VHzmgA_3lXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzMDBwcXF0BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTMEY29sbwNzazEEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=11drdd9p6/EXP=1207367920/**http%3a/www.uscrusade.com/"><font color="#0000ff">US Crusade</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">A compilation of news reports related to the United States current conflicts with the Middle East <b>...</b> <b>The</b> <b>decline</b> & <b>coming</b> <b>fall</b> <b>of</b> <b>us</b> <b>hegemony</b> <b>...</b></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="url">www.<b><a href="http://uscrusade.com">uscrusade.com</a></b></span> - <em>27k</em> - </font></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkjZwp_VHzmgAAHpXNyoA/SIG=18cj92hpn/EXP=1207367920/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.uscrusade.com/%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=CjeLLfH_QkGY%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> </font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">·</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkjZwp_VHzmgAAXpXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzNGkxb3BjBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTQEY29sbwNzazEEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=11b3e6mtm/EXP=1207367920/**http%3a/canadawatch.org/"><font color="#0000ff">Canada Watch - Home</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">News and views on globalization, the New World Order, the Middle East <b>...</b> <b>The</b> <b>Coming</b> War on Venezuela. The Empire. <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b> <b>...</b></font></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="url"><b><a href="http://canadawatch.org">canadawatch.org</a></b></span> - <em>104k</em> - </font></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkjZwp_VHzmgAAnpXNyoA/SIG=18a07kfag/EXP=1207367920/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=canadawatch.org/%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=CjDx1vH_QkAW%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu5odXPRHZlIBylVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzNzBhMTlxBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTkEY29sbwNhYzIEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=12rcvf029/EXP=1207283101/**http%3a/www.drugpolicycentral.com/bot/index.cgi%3fconcept=$opium%26xml=1"><font color="#0000ff">www.drugpolicycentral.com/bot/index.cgi?concept=$opium&xml=1</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>THE</b> <b>DECLINE</b> <b>and</b> <b>COMING</b> <b>FALL</b> <b>OF</b> <b>US</b> <b>HEGEMONY</b>. <b>The</b> Opium Brides of Afghanistan <b>...</b> Out of the ether: The birth of modern anaesthesiology <b>...</b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="url">www.<b><a href="http://drugpolicycentral.com">drugpolicycentral.com</a></b>/bot/index.cgi?concept=$opium&xml=1</span> - <em>27</em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">·</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://chat.msn.ch/WeThePeople"><font color="#0000ff">We The People</font></a></h3> <p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">The <strong>Decline</strong> And <strong>Coming</strong> <strong>Fall</strong> Of <strong>US</strong> <strong>Hegemony</strong> ... í_n_ìº_ºÍ•_•Ì-_-̲ 04-01-08: <strong>Coming</strong> Jobs Market ... <a href="http://fr.youtube.com/watch?v=O2uErWWwQT">http://fr.youtube.com/watch?v=O2uErWWwQT</a>.</font></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><font face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://chat.msn.ch/WeThePeople">chat.msn.ch/WeThePeople</a></font></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>·</b> 4/1/2008</font></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>·</b> </font><a href="http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=73016174056530&mkt=en-IN&lang=en-IN&w=f3e6a0cc&FORM=CVRE5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached page</font></a></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://forums.allaboutjazz.com/printthread.php?t=5423&pp=40&page=152"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Jazz Bulletin Board - A Controversial and/or Informative Site</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>K Gajendra Singh</b>. "History is ruled by an inexorable determinism in which the <b>.....</b> <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, Indian ambassador (retired), served as ambassador to <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://forums.allaboutjazz.com/printthread.php?t=5423&pp=40&page=152">forums.allaboutjazz.com/printthread.php?t=5423&pp=40&page=152</a> - 98k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:SWiO3oeJkdUJ:forums.allaboutjazz.com/printthread.php%3Ft%3D5423%26pp%3D40%26page%3D152+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=69&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:forums.allaboutjazz.com/printthread.php?t=5423&pp=40&page=152"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=60&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">SONS OF MALCOLM</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>K Gajendra Singh</b> March 30, 2008 "History is ruled by an inexorable determinism in which the <b>.....</b> <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, Indian ambassador (retired), served as <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/">sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/</a> - 192k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:68nSSvS2fjYJ:sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=56&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:sonsofmalcolm.blogspot.com/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&start=50&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=102&topic_id=3251148&mesg_id=3251173"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Democratic Underground - The Decline And Coming Fall Of US ...</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> By K Gajendra Singh. <b>...</b> Reply #14: <b>The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b> By K Gajendra Singh [View All] <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/disc">www.democraticunderground.com/disc</a><b>us</b>s/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=102&topic_id=3251148&mes... - 107k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:8ptYs_3s2iMJ:www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php%3Faz%3Dshow_mesg%26forum%3D102%26topic_id%3D3251148%26mesg_id%3D3251173+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.democraticunderground.com/discuss/duboard.php?az=show_mesg&forum=102&topic_id=3251148&mesg_id=3251173"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/decline-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">ReBelle Nation: THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">31 Mar 2008 <b>...</b> <b>THE DECLINE</b> & <b>COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY</b>. K Gajendra Singh ...An editorial titled ' Collapse of <b>U.S.</b> economy ' in Belleville Intelligencer <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/">rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/</a><b>decline</b>-<b>coming</b>-<b>fall</b>-of-<b>us</b>-<b>hegemony</b>.html - 16k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:uMw9kc5K5XQJ:rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/decline-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/decline-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">The Progressive Mind-II: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">This site contains a number of links to articles, publications and editorials expressing progressive and humanistic viewpoints.<br><span class="a"><a href="http://www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/">www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/</a><b>decline</b>-and-<b>coming</b>-<b>fall</b>-of-<b>us</b>-<b>hegemony</b>.html - 46k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:lKvPXnGfAfoJ:www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=4&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.theprogressivemind.info/2008/03/decline-and-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">World-News: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b>. By K Gajendra Singh In its backyard Latin America, USA maintained its dominance under Monroe doctrine except for <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/">freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/</a> - 17k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:vrDC604b53oJ:freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://drugpolicycentral.com/bot/article/uruknet.info2916.htm"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">[BOT] THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">This automated site gathers breaking illegal drug-related news 24/7. It performs concept analysis on the articles and sorts them by content.<br><span class="a"><a href="http://drugpolicycentral.com/bot/article/uruknet.info2916.htm">drugpolicycentral.com/bot/article/uruknet.info2916.htm</a> - 90k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:eSFIyFcBz_AJ:drugpolicycentral.com/bot/article/uruknet.info2916.htm+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:drugpolicycentral.com/bot/article/uruknet.info2916.htm"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_decline_&_coming_fall_of_us_hegemony/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">ZioPedia - All There Is To Know About Zionism - The Decline ...</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">War on Terror arrow <b>The Decline</b> & <b>Coming Fall of US Hegemony</b> <b>...</b> Wars ,<b>the decline</b> of western <b>hegemony</b> over the East and South during the last few centuries <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_">www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_</a><b>decline</b>_&_<b>coming</b>_<b>fall</b>_of_<b>us</b>_<b>hegemony</b>/ - 69k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:9vxVtVHj0N0J:www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_decline_%26_coming_fall_of_us_hegemony/+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_decline_&_coming_fall_of_us_hegemony/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460&mode=print"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">HiddenMysteries: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</b>. Tuesday, April 01 2008 @ 07:16 AM CDT. Contributed by: Admin. By K Gajendra Singh <b>...</b><br><span class="a"><a href="http://hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460&mode=print">hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460&mode=print</a> - 21k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:1b9J6-u6_YgJ:hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php%3Fstory%3D20080401071631460%26mode%3Dprint+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=8&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460&mode=print"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://mwcnews.net/content/view/21295/26/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">MWC News - A Site Without Borders - - The Decline of US Hegemony</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>The Decline</b> of <b>US Hegemony</b>. "History is ruled by an inexorable determinism <b>...</b> housing and financial bubbles and of the pursuance of the <b>U.S.</b> dollar <b>fall</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://mwcnews.net/content/view/21295/26/">mwcnews.net/content/view/21295/26/</a> - 36k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:_lDpvy-ViBcJ:mwcnews.net/content/view/21295/26/+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=9&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:mwcnews.net/content/view/21295/26/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.uruknet.de/?p=m42600&hd=&size=1&l=e"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY :: www.uruknet.info ...</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">After the end of the cold war in the wake of the two World Wars ,<b>the decline</b> of western <b>hegemony</b> over the East and South during the last few centuries <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.uruknet.de/?p=m42600&hd=&size=1&l=e">www.uruknet.de/?p=m42600&hd=&size=1&l=e</a> - 21k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:Kt8hM0ej1DkJ:www.uruknet.de/%3Fp%3Dm42600%26hd%3D%26size%3D1%26l%3De+THE+DECLINE+and+COMING+FALL+OF+US+HEGEMONY&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10&lr=lang_en"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.uruknet.de/?p=m42600&hd=&size=1&l=e"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?sourceid=gmail&q=THE%20DECLINE%20and%20COMING%20FALL%20OF%20US%20HEGEMONY"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span></font></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://unityaotearoa.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-forces-will-alter-international.html"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">UNITYblognz.com: 'New forces will alter international financial ...</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">by <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> (Extract from article which appeared on ICH 31 March 2008) <b>...</b> <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, Indian ambassador (retired), served as ambassador to <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://unityaotearoa.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-forces-will-alter-international.html">unityaotearoa.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-forces-will-alter-international.html</a> - 124k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:IOi-bgNn4YkJ:unityaotearoa.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-forces-will-alter-international.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=18&lr=lang_en&client=firefox-a"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=KAB&q=related:unityaotearoa.blogspot.com/2008/04/new-forces-will-alter-international.html"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=ZUq&start=10&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://gpolya.newsvine.com/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">gpolya.newsvine.com - Gideon Polya</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">MUST READ summary by <b>K. Gajendra Singh</b> - former top Indian diplomat & chairman of Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies - on the Great Game, Western Wars for <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://gpolya.newsvine.com/">gpolya.newsvine.com/</a> - 82k</span> - </font><a href="http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:Pg4Mx1KEfsgJ:gpolya.newsvine.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=39&lr=lang_en&client=firefox-a"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=vZq&q=related:gpolya.newsvine.com/"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><font size="2"> - <span class="bl"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?q=k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&client=firefox-a&channel=s&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=VXq&start=30&sa=N"><font color="#0000ff">Note this</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font color="#0000ff" size="2"></font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="mso-hansi-font-family: Symbol"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Arial"> </font></span></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">·</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Arial"> </font></span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu5mlsf1HfWoB.DRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzNWw1c2l2BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTEEY29sbwNhYzIEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=12k4vnpaa/EXP=1207894821/**http%3a/www.discussanything.com/forums/showthread.php%3fp=1649023"><font face="Arial" color="#0000ff">The Decline And Fall Of US Hegemony? - DiscussAnything.com -</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>? <b>The</b> 'Big' Debates <b>...</b> <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>? <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b> <b>...</b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><span class="url">www.<b><a href="http://discussanything.com">discussanything.com</a></b>/forums/showthread.php?p=1649023</span> - <em>43k</em> - </font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu5mlsf1HfWoB.TRXNyoA/SIG=19sereqok/EXP=1207894821/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.discussanything.com/forums/showthread.php%253Fp%253D1649023%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=KjMxMfH_QkQH%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> </font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">·</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Arial"> </font></span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu_Oosv1HY9cA9XZXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzamd2ZmhtBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTgEY29sbwNhYzIEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=119e5ekjk/EXP=1207895080/**http%3a/uscrusade.com/"><font face="Arial" color="#0000ff">U.S. Crusade News</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2">A compilation of news reports related to the United States current conflicts with the Middle East <b>...</b> <b>The</b> <b>decline</b> & <b>coming</b> <b>fall</b> <b>of</b> <b>us</b> <b>hegemony</b> <b>...</b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><span class="url"><b><a href="http://uscrusade.com">uscrusade.com</a></b></span> - <em>40k</em> - </font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu_Oosv1HY9cA9nZXNyoA/SIG=18b49kfc1/EXP=1207895080/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=uscrusade.com/%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=TJAmXfH_Qkm-%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> </font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial">·</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Arial"> </font></span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.QVs_1Hgd0A3s5XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzNDhhYzdpBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMjUEY29sbwNhYzIEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=12r2ln6tg/EXP=1207895189/**http%3a/www.drugpolicycentral.com/bot/index.cgi%3fconcept=$opium%26xml=1"><font face="Arial" color="#0000ff">www.drugpolicycentral.com/bot/index.cgi?concept=$opium&xml=1</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>THE</b> <b>DECLINE</b> and <b>COMING</b> <b>FALL</b> <b>OF</b> <b>US</b> <b>HEGEMONY</b>. <b>The</b> Opium Brides of Afghanistan <b>...</b> Out of the ether: The birth of modern anaesthesiology <b>...</b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><span class="url">www.<b><a href="http://drugpolicycentral.com">drugpolicycentral.com</a></b>/bot/index.cgi?concept=$opium&xml=1</span> - <em>27k</em> </font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu_VQs_1H0uQAkYlXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzZTg3NjFoBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNDUEY29sbwNhYzIEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=133bh7g75/EXP=1207895248/**http%3a/groups.google.com/group/ouraim_archive/feed/rss_v2_0_topics.xml%3fnum=50"><font face="Arial" color="#0000ff">groups.google.com/group/ouraim_archive/feed/rss_v2_0_topics.xml?num=50</font></a></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><b>THE</b> <b>DECLINE</b> & <b>COMING</b> <b>FALL</b> <b>OF</b> <b>US</b> <b>HEGEMONY</b> - K <b>...</b> text of Human Rights Record <b>of</b> <b>the</b> <b>US</b> in <b>...</b> mother vows revenge on <b>US</b> - Patrick Cockburn, The Independent <b>...</b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">1.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBattXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEybHVkdXU1BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMgRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=135dog4pk/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/decline-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html"><font color="#0000ff">ReBelle Nation: THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">THE</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>DECLINE</b> & <b>COMING</b> <b>FALL</b> <b>OF</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>HEGEMONY</b>. K Gajendra Singh ... </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">27 Feb, 2008</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> confirms , by now generally accepted ill health <b>of</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> economy. <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://rebellenation.blogspot.com">rebellenation.blogspot.com</a></span></b></span><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">/.../<b>decline</b>-<b>coming</b>-<b>fall</b>-<b>of</b>-<b>us</b>-<b>hegemony</b>.html</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>15k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBa9tXNyoA/SIG=1a7lntqi3/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=rebellenation.blogspot.com/2008/03/decline-coming-fall-of-us-hegemony.html%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=Zkm93fH_QmT_%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">2.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBbNtXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyYjc4cmMyBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMwRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=13a9u5o5k/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/canadawatch.org/index.php%3foption=com_content%26task=view%26id=858%26Itemid=57"><font color="#0000ff">Canada Watch - The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Home News The Empire <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b> <b>...</b> is now likely to morph into a <b>fall</b> because of the new forces unleashed by <b>the</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://canadawatch.org">canadawatch.org</a></span></b></span><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">/index.php?...&task=view&id=858&Itemid=57</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>47k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBbdtXNyoA/SIG=1b44crdf6/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=canadawatch.org/index.php%253Foption%253Dcom_content%2526task%253Dview%2526id%253D858%2526Itemid%253D57%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=Oc4YivH_QllR%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">3.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBbttXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyZ2xuMG1mBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNARjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=12cqfrqu4/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/www.uruknet.info/%3fp=m42600%26hd=%26size=1%26l=e"><font color="#0000ff">THE DECLINE & COMING FALL OF US HEGEMONY :: www.uruknet.info ...</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">THE</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>DECLINE</b> & <b>COMING</b> <b>FALL</b> <b>OF</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>HEGEMONY</b>. K Gajendra Singh. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">March 30, 2008</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> " <b>...</b> is now likely to morph into a <b>fall</b> because of the new forces unleashed by <b>the</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">www.<b><a href="http://uruknet.info">uruknet.info</a></b>/?p=m42600&hd=&size=1&l=e</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>61k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBb9tXNyoA/SIG=1a605edge/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.uruknet.info/%253Fp%253Dm42600%2526hd%253D%2526size%253D1%2526l%253De%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=Q2tdfPH_Qlxd%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">4.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBcNtXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyZ3FkcGxtBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=13efvinnh/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_decline_%26_coming_fall_of_us_hegemony/"><font color="#0000ff">ZioPedia - All There Is To Know About Zionism - The Decline & Coming ...</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latest Articles War on Terror <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> & <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b> <b>...</b> is now likely to morph into a <b>fall</b> because of the new forces unleashed by <b>the</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://ziopedia.org">ziopedia.org</a></span></b></span><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">/articles/.../<b>the</b>_<b>decline</b>_&_<b>coming</b>_<b>fall</b>_<b>of</b>_<b>us</b>_<b>hegemony</b></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>69k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBcdtXNyoA/SIG=1akc5dh4m/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.ziopedia.org/articles/war_on_terror/the_decline_%252526_coming_fall_of_us_hegemony/%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=eFy4FvH_QkRf%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">5.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBcttXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyOWVqbDNzBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNgRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=11smhqpip/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/www.boloji.com/analysis2/0330.htm"><font color="#0000ff">The Decline and Coming Fall of US Hegemony by K. Gajendra Singh</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Decline</b> and <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b>. <b>of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>. By K. Gajendra Singh " <b>...</b> is now likely to morph into a <b>fall</b> because of the new forces unleashed by <b>the</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">www.<b><a href="http://boloji.com">boloji.com</a></b>/analysis2/0330.htm</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>38k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBc9tXNyoA/SIG=18u4ui40t/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.boloji.com/analysis2/0330.htm%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=M3A5LfH_QkOn%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">6.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBdNtXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEyZXJnN3BmBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNwRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=12sabrq1p/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php%3fstory=20080401071631460"><font color="#0000ff">HiddenMysteries - The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tuesday, April 01 2008</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> @ </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">07:16 AM CDT</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b> <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b> | 0 comments | Create New Account <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://hiddenmysteries.net">hiddenmysteries.net</a></span></b></span><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">/geeklog/article.php?story=20080401071631460</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>43k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBddtXNyoA/SIG=1a4763pl1/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=hiddenmysteries.net/geeklog/article.php%253Fstory%253D20080401071631460%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=Tbb2XPH_QkZp%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">7.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBeNtXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEycTJmam43BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDOQRjb2xvA2FjMgR2dGlkA0Y4NjBfNzc-/SIG=12d2j2hnf/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/www.informationclearinghouse.info/article19656.htm"><font color="#0000ff">www.informationclearinghouse.info/article19656.htm</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>. By K Gajendra Singh " <b>...</b> is now likely to morph into a <b>fall</b> because of the new forces unleashed by <b>the</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">www.<b><a href="http://informationclearinghouse.info">informationclearinghouse.info</a></b>/article19656.htm</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>36k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBedtXNyoA/SIG=19fbuaru3/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.informationclearinghouse.info/article19656.htm%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=Nolg_vH_Ql99%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt 0.5in; PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-INDENT: -0.25in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-list: Ignore">8.<span style="FONT: 7pt 'Times New Roman'"> </span></span></span><span dir="ltr"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBettXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzNzkwNnM4BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMTAEY29sbwNhYzIEdnRpZANGODYwXzc3/SIG=11v6n2aro/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/"><font color="#0000ff">World-News: The Decline And Coming Fall Of US Hegemony</font></a></span></span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> freepage > </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> > <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b>... <b>The</b> <b>Decline</b> And <b>Coming</b> <b>Fall</b> <b>Of</b> <b>US</b> <b>Hegemony</b>. By <b>...</b> implement aspirations of their people and not of the old elites <b>...</b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span class="url"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://freepage.twoday.net">freepage.twoday.net</a></span></b></span><span class="url"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">/stories/4828850</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>28k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geu.mwsP1HTAkBe9tXNyoA/SIG=191afuna1/EXP=1207894576/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=THE%2bDECLINE%2b%2526%2bCOMING%2bFALL%2bOF%2bUS%2bHEGEMONY%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=freepage.twoday.net/stories/4828850/%26w=decline%2bcoming%2bcame%2bcome%2bfall%2bfalling%2bus%2bhegemony%26d=TKCtDvH_QkPL%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-26585004322417403582010-01-03T06:46:00.001-08:002010-01-03T06:46:51.145-08:00Webs-Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves<span class="w"> </span></font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span class="w"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geusaRTrZFEEkAZl1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2ZDVudG5rBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=11sbj2s5a/EXP=1169661969/**http%3a/www.ichblog.eu/content/view/66/1/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Information Clearing House Blog - <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>.</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. User Rating: / 3. PoorBest. Monday, ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. Obama: The Democratic Messiah? ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/66/1">www.ichblog.eu/content/view/66/1</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>99k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geusaRTrZFEEkAal1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEwaGZmZmcxBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=18cf95rl3/EXP=1169661969/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%2b%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.ichblog.eu/content/view/66/1/%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=YN4m3uxsOKu7%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geusaRTrZFEEkAa11XNyoA/SIG=1520pdm8s/EXP=1169661969/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.ichblog.eu"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="w"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">PDF]</span></b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ziopedia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=3054"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #6f6f6f"><font face="Times New Roman">File Format:</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> PDF/Adobe Acrobat - </font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:l4Y4-9ruFnQJ:www.ziopedia.org/index2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26do_pdf%3D1%26id%3D3054+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">View as HTML</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. (</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Monday, 22 January 2007</font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) - Contributed by K Gajendra Singh. "The arrogance of military power has led to a grave <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.ziopedia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=3054">www.ziopedia.org/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=3054</a> - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">21 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.ziopedia.org/index2.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26do_pdf%3D1%26id%3D3054"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">[ </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=+site:www.ziopedia.org+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">More results from www.ziopedia.org</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.therebel.org/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">ZioPedia: All There Is To Know About Zionism - Latest Articles</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palestinian president, Hamas leader meet · <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> <b>...</b> <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> · PDF · Print · E-mail <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.therebel.org/">www.therebel.org/</a> - 82k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">21 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:du7ArMDdWTkJ:www.therebel.org/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.therebel.org/"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20editorials/2007%20Opinion%20Editorials/January/23%20o/Texan%20Poker%20Bluff%20and%20Persian%20Chess%20Moves%20By%20K%20Gajendra%20Singh.htm"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff</b> and <b>Persian Chess Moves</b></font></font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="COLOR: #6f6f6f"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Al-Jazeerah.info</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #6f6f6f">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #6f6f6f">GA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: #6f6f6f"> -</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> 1 hour ago<br> Like (the <b>Chess</b> King) Ali Khamenei might remove from the centre (Knight ) Ahmadinejad with his awkward <b>moves</b>. Iranians have shown <b>Chess</b> like long term <b>...</b> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAWj1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2YWFla3NnBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDOQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=11ksv4tmu/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/news.boloji.com/index.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Boloji.com - News That Matter. Be Informed</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Boloji wants you to be informed. ... Calling ULFA's <b>Bluff</b>. <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... between the Soviet Bloc and the western world was ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://news.boloji.com/index.htm">news.boloji.com/index.htm</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>25k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAXj1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEwbDgzdjg0BGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDOQRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=1812gk85d/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=news.boloji.com/index.htm%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=VFEMfexsOKaK%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAXz1XNyoA/SIG=153i0kv7m/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=news.boloji.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAYD1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3dTg1cGI1BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTAEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=11otg3b5o/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/www.uruknet.org/%3fp=-6%26l=e"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Uruknet.info - switch/3</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">WAR CRIMES REPORT TRANSLATED AND PUBLISHED IN ARABIC ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s Narcissists Indifferent to Iraqi Casualties ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.uruknet.org/?p=-6&l=e">www.uruknet.org/?p=-6&l=e</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>137k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAZD1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExN3A2M3RjBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTAEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=18h9c30ij/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.uruknet.org/%253Fp%253D-6%2526l%253De%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=CiwVOuxsOKc-%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAZT1XNyoA/SIG=153n7dsrv/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.uruknet.org"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00007565&channel=university%20ave"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves: Ideas & Identities of ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">: Chowk is where paths intersect; an online magazine and community featuring articles, reviews, discussions and <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00007565&channel=university%20ave">www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00007565&channel=university%20ave</a> - 83k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:OpGDyMopC2IJ:www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi%3Faid%3D00007565%26channel%3Duniversity%2520ave+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi%3Faid%3D00007565%26channel%3Duniversity%2520ave"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://kucinich.us/node/2344"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">War of nerves | Kucinich for President 2008</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There's an excellent overview available on-line, by <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, <b>...</b> <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, served as Indian Ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Azerbaijan</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> in 1992-96. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://kucinich.us/node/2344">kucinich.us/node/2344</a> - 31k - </span></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:ImuIbyjsHyoJ:kucinich.us/node/2344+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:kucinich.us/node/2344"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuunuTrZFJSkAE91XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3NzFvcXR1BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTgEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=130jv8rvl/EXP=1169662062/**http%3a/mparent7777.blogspot.com/2007/01/keeping-on-bloody-path-of-peace.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">CRIMES AND CORRUPTIONS OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER NEWS: Keeping on bloody path of peace</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The Press and the Watada Trial. The debt we owe to a Carter critic ... Intrinsic Racism and Collective Retaliation. <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://mparent7777.blogspot.com/2007/01/keeping-on-bloody-path-of-peace.html">mparent7777.blogspot.com/2007/01/keeping-on-bloody-path-of-peace.html</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>101k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuunuTrZFJSkAF91XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExOTUzNmJhBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTgEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=19g39h33f/EXP=1169662062/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%2b%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=mparent7777.blogspot.com/2007/01/keeping-on-bloody-path-of-peace.html%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=L2ctWexsOKsl%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuunuTrZFJSkAGN1XNyoA/SIG=15cago0iq/EXP=1169662062/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=mparent7777.blogspot.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://kucinich.us/node/2344"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">War of nerves | Kucinich for President 2008</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There's an excellent overview available on-line, by <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, <b>...</b> <b>K Gajendra Singh</b>, served as Indian Ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Azerbaijan</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> in 1992-96. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://kucinich.us/node/2344">kucinich.us/node/2344</a> - 30k - </span></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:ImuIbyjsHyoJ:kucinich.us/node/2344+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=21"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:kucinich.us/node/2344"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></h2> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://theragblog.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">The Rag Blog</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">By <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> "The arrogance of military power has led to a grave crisis - and to a decline of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">United States</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">' role and influence. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://theragblog.blogspot.com/">theragblog.blogspot.com/</a> - 270k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:0xONHlUvdkYJ:theragblog.blogspot.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=63"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:theragblog.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://jamedoosti.com/?module=feeds&act=view_ufeed&id=209&sid=4927"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Persian - Google News</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - Jan 22, 2007 ... and even intervening across south Iraq in Iran's major oil producing <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://jamedoosti.com/?module=feeds&act=view_ufeed&id=209&sid=4927">jamedoosti.com/?module=feeds&act=view_ufeed&id=209&sid=4927</a> - 28k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:8SHlo8AhSKEJ:jamedoosti.com/%3Fmodule%3Dfeeds%26act%3Dview_ufeed%26id%3D209%26sid%3D4927+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=13"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:jamedoosti.com/%3Fmodule%3Dfeeds%26act%3Dview_ufeed%26id%3D209%26sid%3D4927"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.colboard.com/viewtopic.php?p=387995&sid=9d93f4676a8087a99deb9a5767dda187"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">ColbertNation.com :: View topic - A Glimpse into the Iranian Mindset</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> US Congress rallies against 'Surge'; The policy of the 'Surge 'was concocted to counter ISG Report by Neo-Cons of <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.colboard.com/viewtopic.php?p=387995&sid=9d93f4676a8087a99deb9a5767dda187">www.colboard.com/viewtopic.php?p=387995&sid=9d93f4676a8087a99deb9a5767dda187</a> - 33k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:h8kpIcLX71kJ:www.colboard.com/viewtopic.php%3Fp%3D387995%26sid%3D9d93f4676a8087a99deb9a5767dda187+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=14"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.colboard.com/viewtopic.php%3Fp%3D387995%26sid%3D9d93f4676a8087a99deb9a5767dda187"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></h2> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.boogster.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Free Poker - Boogster.com - Play Poker. Free Gifts.</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> By K Gajendra Singh. Interactive TV Today </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jan 23 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">3:12AM GMT</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Exclusive: PixelPlay Launches World <b>Poker</b> Tour <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.boogster.com/">www.boogster.com/</a> - 52k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">23 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:mkjNKmQxe0kJ:www.boogster.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.boogster.com/"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://yzoo.co.uk/results/news/911+cover+up+attacks.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">911 cover up attacks - stroke prevention surgery</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info GoogleNews position 2 <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess</b> MovesAl-Jazeerah.info,&nbsp;GA&nbsp;- <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://yzoo.co.uk/results/news/911+cover+up+attacks.html">yzoo.co.uk/results/news/911+cover+up+attacks.html</a> - 95k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:lE1I9FvDzlUJ:yzoo.co.uk/results/news/911%2Bcover%2Bup%2Battacks.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:yzoo.co.uk/results/news/911%2Bcover%2Bup%2Battacks.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.americandaily.com/article/17416"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Wakeup America – Understand the Mind of the Jihadist - Guest</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> 2007 in support of Democratic Congressional <b>moves</b> against President Bush in an editorial by K Gajendra Singh, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.americandaily.com/article/17416">www.americandaily.com/article/17416</a> - 54k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:HQG9pQDvOMkJ:www.americandaily.com/article/17416+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=29"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.americandaily.com/article/17416"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.goddesschess.eu/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">chess strategy</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - Jan 22, 2007 She felt that Bush's strategy had little chance of success. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">www.goddess<b>chess</b>.eu/ - 120k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:8R9LNtYG3O4J:www.goddesschess.eu/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=40"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.goddesschess.eu/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.politicalcortex.com/story/2007/1/12/164551/089"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Political Cortex: Make Your Voices Heard</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">Double <b>Bluff</b> - MWC News · Removal of the President from Office - OpEdNews · Democrat Agenda <b>...</b> <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.politicalcortex.com/story/2007/1/12/164551/089">www.politicalcortex.com/story/2007/1/12/164551/089</a> - 28k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:52uXoYwLSf4J:www.politicalcortex.com/story/2007/1/12/164551/089+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=44"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.politicalcortex.com/story/2007/1/12/164551/089"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://podium.co.il/Poker/c-k165-s-l2.aspx"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Poker > News</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies. Copy right with the author. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://podium.co.il/">podium.co.il/</a><b>Poker</b>/c-k165-s-l2.aspx - 38k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:3NRprWfw0jEJ:podium.co.il/Poker/c-k165-s-l2.aspx+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=47"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:podium.co.il/Poker/c-k165-s-l2.aspx"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://indexresearch.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">INDEX RESEARCH</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> 22.01.07. K Gajendra Singh, ICHblog. Like Iraq , some fancy schemes are on the anvil in the Pentagon . <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://indexresearch.blogspot.com/">indexresearch.blogspot.com/</a> - 120k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:j3RfQWBBtgMJ:indexresearch.blogspot.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=58"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:indexresearch.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.virtualia.info/action-army-free-game-online/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Action Army Free Game Online an more at the Action Army Free Game ...</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. Regarding action to eliminate all militias , al Maliki announced that 400 members ... The Iraqi Government and <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.virtualia.info/action-army-free-game-online/">www.virtualia.info/action-army-free-game-online/</a> - 20k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:YT6Ur38_jm8J:www.virtualia.info/action-army-free-game-online/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=59"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.virtualia.info/action-army-free-game-online/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://schema-root.org/region/middle_east/iraq/resistance/militias/badr_brigade/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Badr Organization, Schema-Root news</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. Al-Jazeerah.info January 23, 2007. Yes, most of Iraq's Shia ruling elite and al-Badr militia were financed and <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://schema-root.org/region/middle_east/iraq/resistance/militias/badr_brigade/">schema-root.org/region/middle_east/iraq/resistance/militias/badr_brigade/</a> - 121k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:NCtGDTvGLi4J:schema-root.org/region/middle_east/iraq/resistance/militias/badr_brigade/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=60"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:schema-root.org/region/middle_east/iraq/resistance/militias/badr_brigade/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Iranmehr</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> — Gajendra Singh, Mon Jan 22 23:38. Re: <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> — Gajendra Singh, Mon Jan 22 23: <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html">disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html</a> - 48k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:UFXTDRUzwfsJ:disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=65"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://northcountryviews.blogspot.com/2007/01/speech-inappropriate.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">North Country Views: Speech inappropriate</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Living Reality of Military-Economic Fascism · Alex Jones: Military Commissions Act Does Affect US Citizens · <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://northcountryviews.blogspot.com/2007/01/speech-inappropriate.html">northcountryviews.blogspot.com/2007/01/speech-inappropriate.html</a> - 126k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:D8sg1apUIZ0J:northcountryviews.blogspot.com/2007/01/speech-inappropriate.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=70"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:northcountryviews.blogspot.com/2007/01/speech-inappropriate.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.marines.cc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=2"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">US Marines - United States Marine Corps - Rappel tower tests ...</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> By K Gajendra Singh. the war has seeped even into the ranks of the US forces . Some 1000 active-duty soldiers and <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.marines.cc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=2">www.marines.cc/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=2</a> - 27k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:rV9gN0tMu5sJ:www.marines.cc/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D92%26Itemid%3D2+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=73"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.marines.cc/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D92%26Itemid%3D2"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.panicattack.aldensmithenterprises.com/links/signs_of_a_panic_attack_page_2.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Signs Of A Panic Attack at Panic Attack Guide</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info. <b>Texan Poker Bluff</b> <b>and Persian Chess Moves</b> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - 22 hours ago <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.panicattack.aldensmithenterprises.com/links/signs_of_a_panic_attack_page_2.php">www.panicattack.aldensmithenterprises.com/links/signs_of_a_panic_attack_page_2.php</a> - 19k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:oLqxbaAVjRcJ:www.panicattack.aldensmithenterprises.com/links/signs_of_a_panic_attack_page_2.php+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=74"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.panicattack.aldensmithenterprises.com/links/signs_of_a_panic_attack_page_2.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.freespeechwar.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Free Speech War</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">Middle East News and Views <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. <b>Texan Poker</b> <b>Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> K Gajendra Singh January 21, 2007 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.freespeechwar.com/">www.freespeechwar.com/</a> - 190k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:HNHxuIhB_xUJ:www.freespeechwar.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=75"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.freespeechwar.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1773867/posts?page=11"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Wakeup America – Understand the Mind of the Jihadist</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> 2007 in support of Democratic Congressional <b>moves</b> against President Bush, by K Gajendra Singh, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1773867/posts?page=11">www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1773867/posts?page=11</a> - 92k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:Tfv0aE3WmiwJ:www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1773867/posts%3Fpage%3D11+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=80"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1773867/posts%3Fpage%3D11"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://1001newsgroups.1001annonces.com/lmess.php?name=soc.culture.iranian"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">1001newsgroups.com soc.culture.iranian - - Free Newsserver ...</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">o, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> <b>...</b> Re: Threatening UK nsa letter to George Fleming translated into <b>Persian</b> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://1001newsgroups.1001annonces.com/lmess.php?name=soc.culture.iranian">1001newsgroups.1001annonces.com/lmess.php?name=soc.culture.iranian</a> - 436k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:_sP16dYLJIoJ:1001newsgroups.1001annonces.com/lmess.php%3Fname%3Dsoc.culture.iranian+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=81"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:1001newsgroups.1001annonces.com/lmess.php%3Fname%3Dsoc.culture.iranian"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://customsofficerswire.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">CustomsOfficerswire Customs Officers Jobs, Customs Officers Job ...</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">Jan 24 23:10, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. Jan 24 22:24, What's up in Ottawa. Jan 24 21:30, DUMB CRIMINALS <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://customsofficerswire.com/">customsofficerswire.com/</a> - 18k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:GSkPrTg8ikAJ:customsofficerswire.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=87"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:customsofficerswire.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://killaz.wojjie.net/phpwebsite/index.php?&MMN_position=1:1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Theantisheeple.com Your home for Real News and Chat</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>: Both Bush and Blair claim to be great admirers of Churchill, but never come round to read this chapter in Iraq's <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://killaz.wojjie.net/phpwebsite/index.php?&MMN_position=1:1">killaz.wojjie.net/phpwebsite/index.php?&MMN_position=1:1</a> - 58k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:RbqKK66xqo0J:killaz.wojjie.net/phpwebsite/index.php%3F%26MMN_position%3D1:1+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=90"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:killaz.wojjie.net/phpwebsite/index.php%3F%26MMN_position%3D1:1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.dailywarnews.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Today in Iraq</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> from <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> by K Gajendra Singh <b>...</b> The winner in the short term in Iraq will be the clever <b>chess</b> player who has <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.dailywarnews.blogspot.com/">www.dailywarnews.blogspot.com/</a> - 269k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:W6_oNWizcmkJ:www.dailywarnews.blogspot.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=93"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.dailywarnews.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://news.buzzworkers.com/index.php?zflist=Europe"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">The NewsWire</font></a></h2> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">- [ </font><a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://news.buzzworkers.com/index.php%3Fzflist%3DEurope&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=4&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTexan%2BPoker%2BBluff%2Band%2BPersian%2BChess%2BMoves.%26start%3D90%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Translate this page</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">The Unthinkable: The US- Israeli Nuclear War on Iran » 22 Jan 07, 19:44. <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. » 22 Jan 07, 22:52 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://news.buzzworkers.com/index.php?zflist=Europe">news.buzzworkers.com/index.php?zflist=Europe</a> - 351k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:f076c1Jej7IJ:news.buzzworkers.com/index.php%3Fzflist%3DEurope+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=94"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:news.buzzworkers.com/index.php%3Fzflist%3DEurope"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.pkblogs.com/dailywarnews/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Today in Iraq</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">The <b>move</b>, approved last fall, is aimed at weakening Iran 's influence in the region <b>...</b> from <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> by K Gajendra Singh <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.pkblogs.com/dailywarnews/">www.pkblogs.com/dailywarnews/</a> - 349k - </span></font></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:YoM7AsH7gQEJ:www.pkblogs.com/dailywarnews/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=98"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.pkblogs.com/dailywarnews/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.bookmach.com/bookmach/poker"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">bookmach.com / bookmach / poker</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Both Bush and Blair claim to be great admirers of Churchill, but never come round to read this chapter in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'s <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.bookmach.com/bookmach/">www.bookmach.com/bookmach/</a><b>poker</b> - 18k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:tuzdz3y9S94J:www.bookmach.com/bookmach/poker+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=20"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.bookmach.com/bookmach/poker"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/01/texan_poker_blu.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">World Prout Assembly: Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. Like Iraq , some fancy schemes are on the anvil in the Pentagon .To ward off the threats to the world economy if <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/01/">www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/01/</a><b>texan</b>_<b>poker</b>_blu.html - 105k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:aJb7IK4155QJ:www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/01/texan_poker_blu.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.worldproutassembly.org/archives/2007/01/texan_poker_blu.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://deoxy.org/news/viewer?feed=whatreal&target=_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">deoxy news</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Israel: 2007 'decisive' on Iran · <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> · Revenue Streams That Feed the Barracudas · Intelligence vs. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://deoxy.org/news/viewer?feed=whatreal&target=_blank">deoxy.org/news/viewer?feed=whatreal&target=_blank</a> - 4k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:3XuAi0M7-nwJ:deoxy.org/news/viewer%3Ffeed%3Dwhatreal%26target%3D_blank+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=27"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:deoxy.org/news/viewer%3Ffeed%3Dwhatreal%26target%3D_blank"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://video-games.elliottback.com/2006/09/28/i-want-you-to-watch-me-play-madden/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">I Want You to Watch Me Play Madden by Video Games</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> The Iraqis don't want us over there and we expect that even the Republicans will support . <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://video-games.elliottback.com/2006/09/28/i-want-you-to-watch-me-play-madden/">video-games.elliottback.com/2006/09/28/i-want-you-to-watch-me-play-madden/</a> - 24k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:52tZ-po2XIIJ:video-games.elliottback.com/2006/09/28/i-want-you-to-watch-me-play-madden/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=28"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:video-games.elliottback.com/2006/09/28/i-want-you-to-watch-me-play-madden/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ymlp.com/pubarchive.php?feminine"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Archives "Information Clearing House"</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">ICH: <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jan 22 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Introducing <a href="http://www.ichblog.eu">www.ichblog.eu</a>, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jan 21 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. ICH: First Bomb Carter; Then Nuke </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">! </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jan 21 2007</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.ymlp.com/pubarchive.php?feminine">www.ymlp.com/pubarchive.php?feminine</a> - 11k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:JS95X3vR0_QJ:www.ymlp.com/pubarchive.php%3Ffeminine+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=29"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.ymlp.com/pubarchive.php%3Ffeminine"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://respectuk.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">RESPECT - THE UNITY COALITION (The Respect Supporters Blog)</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Link: <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> - ICH. Link: Only Impeachment Can Prevent More War - ICH. Author of article: Gareth Smyth in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tehran</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://respectuk.blogspot.com/">respectuk.blogspot.com/</a> - 354k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">23 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:_HCRqBO1AmAJ:respectuk.blogspot.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=30"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:respectuk.blogspot.com/"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.fijichess.com/Default.asp"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">:FIJI CHESS FEDERATION:: Welcome</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">White to <b>move</b>, mate in 2. SOLUTION <b>...</b> <b>Chess</b> challenges many minds - Twin Falls Times-News · <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">www.fiji<b>chess</b>.com/Default.asp - 25k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:GLYRMoGSrScJ:www.fijichess.com/Default.asp+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=24"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.fijichess.com/Default.asp"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.optevi.net/newstracker/default.aspx?f=1&e=97"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Optevi News Tracker - World News - Islamic Republic of Iran</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">[news], <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>, Uruk Net. AP Top News at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">12:42 p.m. EST</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, WNYT. U.S. Warns </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to Back Down, CBS News <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.optevi.net/newstracker/default.aspx?f=1&e=97">www.optevi.net/newstracker/default.aspx?f=1&e=97</a> - 266k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">23 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:kRPq_HC4XGwJ:www.optevi.net/newstracker/default.aspx%3Ff%3D1%26e%3D97+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=31"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.optevi.net/newstracker/default.aspx%3Ff%3D1%26e%3D97"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://tentmaker.org/wp/?feed=rss2"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">tentmaker.org</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. K Gajendra Singh. Like </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , some fancy schemes are on the anvil in the Pentagon .To ward off the threats to the <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://tentmaker.org/wp/?feed=rss2">tentmaker.org/wp/?feed=rss2</a> - 95k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">22 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:DItpWO7yjGoJ:tentmaker.org/wp/%3Ffeed%3Drss2+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=34"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:tentmaker.org/wp/%3Ffeed%3Drss2"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/?p=21303"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Global Geopolitics News » Iranian News - Iraq edges closer to Iran ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Uruk Net - Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice are accusing Tehran of developing nuclear weapons and <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/?p=21303">globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/?p=21303</a> - 53k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:UkkrxFoNNkEJ:globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/%3Fp%3D21303+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=36"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:globalgeopolitics.net/wordpress/%3Fp%3D21303"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.dicontas.co.uk/rss/rss-aggregator-viewer.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Dicontas - Email Monitoring & Email Filtering - Feed Content ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Remote eMail Server Administration, Server Monitoring Software · <b>Texan Poker</b> <b>Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> · Oil and Foreign Policy After Bush <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.dicontas.co.uk/rss/rss-aggregator-viewer.html">www.dicontas.co.uk/rss/rss-aggregator-viewer.html</a> - 220k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:kckUmpyvXnkJ:www.dicontas.co.uk/rss/rss-aggregator-viewer.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=37"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.dicontas.co.uk/rss/rss-aggregator-viewer.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://green-day-1.acedam.com/green-day-wake-me-up-september-end.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">internet digged green day wake me up september end</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - 1 hour ago US officials are how ever worried that military equipment would end up in with <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://green-day-1.acedam.com/green-day-wake-me-up-september-end.htm">green-day-1.acedam.com/green-day-wake-me-up-september-end.htm</a> - 10k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:gghcf7Y2ONkJ:green-day-1.acedam.com/green-day-wake-me-up-september-end.htm+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=38"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:green-day-1.acedam.com/green-day-wake-me-up-september-end.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://a.hatena.ne.jp/kmiura/rss"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">ja link5 はてなアンテナ - kom's scanner link6 はてなアンテナ - kom ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Info CLEARING link162 <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> K Gajendra Singh Like Iraq , some fancy schemes are on the anvil in the Pentagon . <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://a.hatena.ne.jp/kmiura/rss">a.hatena.ne.jp/kmiura/rss</a> - 101k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:hTR8m8TJB68J:a.hatena.ne.jp/kmiura/rss+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=39"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:a.hatena.ne.jp/kmiura/rss"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://newstrove.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?search=International%20Rescue%20Committee&nw=&os=&pc=2&sn=0"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Search words or topic: To clarify meaning, enter additional words ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> By K Gajendra Singh Published in Aljazeerah.info Found on Jan 23, 2007 Opinion score: Some opinion <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://newstrove.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?search=International%20Rescue%20Committee&nw=&os=&pc=2&sn=0">newstrove.com/cgi-bin/search.pl?search=International%20Rescue%20Committee&nw=&os=&pc=2&sn=0</a> - 26k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:Cf2KbCRcIVQJ:newstrove.com/cgi-bin/search.pl%3Fsearch%3DInternational%2520Rescue%2520Committee%26nw%3D%26os%3D%26pc%3D2%26sn%3D0+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=40"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:newstrove.com/cgi-bin/search.pl%3Fsearch%3DInternational%2520Rescue%2520Committee%26nw%3D%26os%3D%26pc%3D2%26sn%3D0"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://viwc.info/persian/persian-empire.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Persian Empire</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Peresian Empire. Uruk Net - beyond threats, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Washington</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> might try to implement the so called 'Khuzestan gambit' <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://viwc.info/">viwc.info/</a><b>persian</b>/<b>persian</b>-empire.html - 24k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">22 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:zwDlM-fongAJ:viwc.info/persian/persian-empire.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=45"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:viwc.info/persian/persian-empire.html"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://chateaugaylake.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Shatagee Woods History</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Alex Jones: Military Commissions Act Does Affect US Citizens · <b>Texan Poker</b> <b>Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> · Intelligence vs. Evidence <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://chateaugaylake.blogspot.com/">chateaugaylake.blogspot.com/</a> - 148k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">23 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:jgvoa4gN11UJ:chateaugaylake.blogspot.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=48"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:chateaugaylake.blogspot.com/"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">adventure tour in india</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. Uruk Net - A tour of the Middle East by the US Congress harassed Secretary of State Condi ... to achieve its <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html">www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html</a> - 12k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:NQ9nWZiGjioJ:www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=49"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://technorati.com/tag/iraq%20study%20group"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">iraq study group: See what people are saying right now on Technorati</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. No one has claimed this blog. in CRIMES AND CORRUPTIONS OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER NEWS by mparent7777 · 11 hours ago <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://technorati.com/tag/iraq%20study%20group">technorati.com/tag/iraq%20study%20group</a> - 16k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:Uz5HZ4mDx7kJ:technorati.com/tag/iraq%2520study%2520group+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=56"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:technorati.com/tag/iraq%2520study%2520group"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"></font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"></font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.rojname.com/index.kurd?nuce=164688"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves By K Gajendra Singh ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> By K Gajendra Singh Opinion Editorials January 2007 To see today s opinion articles click here www aljazeerah info <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.rojname.com/index.kurd?nuce=164688">www.rojname.com/index.kurd?nuce=164688</a> - 59k - 23 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:nor6g9z4RlEJ:www.rojname.com/index.kurd%3Fnuce%3D164688+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.rojname.com/index.kurd%3Fnuce%3D164688"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB4VRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3bXFjaHZuBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTcEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=11l0e72io/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/www.s2photo.info/Chess.htm"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Chess</b> | www.s2photo.info</font></font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... Related: • <b>Texan</b> • <b>Poker</b> • <b>Bluff</b> • <b>and</b> • <b>Persian</b> • <b>Chess</b> • <b>Moves</b>. Caption Contest XIII ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.s2photo.info/">www.s2photo.info/</a><b>Chess</b>.htm</span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>73k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB5VRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExOXA3YmI4BGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTcEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=1827olhan/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.s2photo.info/Chess.htm%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=HuYs0-xsOKwa%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB5lRXNyoA/SIG=154k60lje/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.s2photo.info"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.e-janco.com/infrastructure.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">IT Infrastructure, Strategy, and Charter Template</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> She felt that Bush's strategy had little chance of success. ... she described the destruction of civilian <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.e-janco.com/infrastructure.html">www.e-janco.com/infrastructure.html</a> - 48k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:qdBUkBzA-60J:www.e-janco.com/infrastructure.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.e-janco.com/infrastructure.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.zewol.net/blog/saddam+hussein"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">saddam hussein - les blogs sur zewol.net</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Bush and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice are accusing </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tehran</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> of developing nuclear weapons and exporting <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.zewol.net/blog/saddam+hussein">www.zewol.net/blog/saddam+hussein</a> - 39k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:MZ9hIL0y40kJ:www.zewol.net/blog/saddam%2Bhussein+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=24"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.zewol.net/blog/saddam%2Bhussein"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.topix.net/sa/badr"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Badr News</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. 2 hrs ago | Chowk. The arrogance of military power has led to a grave crisis - and to a decline of the United <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.topix.net/sa/badr">www.topix.net/sa/badr</a> - 44k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:vqJn2VAvIoQJ:www.topix.net/sa/badr+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=27"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.topix.net/sa/badr"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.patriotfiles.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Military_News&file=marinecorps"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">The Patriot Files :: Dedicated to the preservation of military history</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> · 108 Iraqis, One US Soldier Killed on Monday, 2 US Soldiers Killed ... Proud of visiting Marines <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.patriotfiles.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Military_News&file=marinecorps">www.patriotfiles.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=Military_News&file=marinecorps</a> - 36k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:lgNrDmSi5VAJ:www.patriotfiles.com/modules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DMilitary_News%26file%3Dmarinecorps+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=28"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.patriotfiles.com/modules.php%3Fop%3Dmodload%26name%3DMilitary_News%26file%3Dmarinecorps"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar page</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://news.sulekha.com/sports/latestnews.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">India Recent Sports News | Current Sports News India | Sulekha ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> - Al... - Al-Jazeerah.info posted 46 mins ago - by Palanivel · Comments (0) Votes (0) <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://news.sulekha.com/sports/latestnews.htm">news.sulekha.com/sports/latestnews.htm</a> - 38k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:wiDbTSdrB6sJ:news.sulekha.com/sports/latestnews.htm+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=31"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:news.sulekha.com/sports/latestnews.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.siliconinvestor.com/subject.aspx?subjectid=51736&LastNum=13784&NumMsgs=10"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">SI - subject.aspx subjectid=51736&LastNum=13784&NumMsgs=10</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">13781, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>, foundation, -, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">01/24/2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">09:05:08 AM</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. 13780, good point there are no simple solutions, Condor <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.siliconinvestor.com/subject.aspx?subjectid=51736&LastNum=13784&NumMsgs=10">www.siliconinvestor.com/subject.aspx?subjectid=51736&LastNum=13784&NumMsgs=10</a> - 11k - 24 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:bO7HqnKxb34J:www.siliconinvestor.com/subject.aspx%3Fsubjectid%3D51736%26LastNum%3D13784%26NumMsgs%3D10+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=32"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.siliconinvestor.com/subject.aspx%3Fsubjectid%3D51736%26LastNum%3D13784%26NumMsgs%3D10"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.newtravels.info/syria-holidays/syria-places-to-visit/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Syria Places To Visit : newtravels.info</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. In addition to Iran, Turkey, Syria and US having bilateral or trilateral meetings, there should ... went to <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.newtravels.info/syria-holidays/syria-places-to-visit/">www.newtravels.info/syria-holidays/syria-places-to-visit/</a> - 6k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:GZKBA0dcCP4J:www.newtravels.info/syria-holidays/syria-places-to-visit/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=34"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.newtravels.info/syria-holidays/syria-places-to-visit/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://university_of_notre_dame.snap9.com/University_of_Notre_Dame_Enterprise_AL.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">University of Notre Dame Enterprise AL - Enterprise AL, University ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - 43 minutes ago The policy of the 'Surge 'was concocted to counter ISG Report by Neo-Cons of <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://university_of_notre_dame.snap9.com/University_of_Notre_Dame_Enterprise_AL.html">university_of_notre_dame.snap9.com/University_of_Notre_Dame_Enterprise_AL.html</a> - 43k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:BLcUUfz7Wk4J:university_of_notre_dame.snap9.com/University_of_Notre_Dame_Enterprise_AL.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=42"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:university_of_notre_dame.snap9.com/University_of_Notre_Dame_Enterprise_AL.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.kamikaze-portal.com/News/article/us-marine-corps-training.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Kamikaze | News | Military and Police -> US MARINE CORPS Training</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> But Democrat Congressman John Murtha, a former decorated Marine and vocal ... "Despite our best efforts, <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.kamikaze-portal.com/News/article/us-marine-corps-training.html">www.kamikaze-portal.com/News/article/us-marine-corps-training.html</a> - 31k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:QQynKlRULMMJ:www.kamikaze-portal.com/News/article/us-marine-corps-training.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=43"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.kamikaze-portal.com/News/article/us-marine-corps-training.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.trippoint.net/hotels/dunkirk_new_york_united_states_hotels.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">TripPoint Hotel Reservations - Rooms available in Dunkirk, New York</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - Jan 22, 2007 So the un-nerved British forces fled from Basra city to the airport and safe <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.trippoint.net/hotels/dunkirk_new_york_united_states_hotels.html">www.trippoint.net/hotels/dunkirk_new_york_united_states_hotels.html</a> - 16k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:jTaiN5rJtbwJ:www.trippoint.net/hotels/dunkirk_new_york_united_states_hotels.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=48"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.trippoint.net/hotels/dunkirk_new_york_united_states_hotels.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">adventure tour in india</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. Uruk Net - A tour of the Middle East by the US Congress harassed Secretary of State Condi ... to achieve its <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html">www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html</a> - 12k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:NQ9nWZiGjioJ:www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=51"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.adventuretour.readthatnow.com/adventure-tour-in-india.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.metal-mercury.info/a/build-a-poker.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Build A Poker at A</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. Uruk Net - <b>Texan Poker Bluff and</b> <b>Persian Chess Moves</b> K Gajendra Singh ... Along with the naval build up in the <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.metal-mercury.info/a/build-a-">www.metal-mercury.info/a/build-a-</a><b>poker</b>.php - 21k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:WAw8Ww_HfrsJ:www.metal-mercury.info/a/build-a-poker.php+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=53"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.metal-mercury.info/a/build-a-poker.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://usnavysealteam.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">usnavysealteam.com ::</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> · Home of Man Sending Care Packages to Troops Vandalized · US military deaths in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> hit 3061 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://usnavysealteam.com/">usnavysealteam.com/</a> - 18k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:N0GWT_dVXh4J:usnavysealteam.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=54"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:usnavysealteam.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://lordcerneabbas.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Nemesis News</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. "The arrogance of military power has led to a grave crisis - and to a decline of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">United States</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">' role and <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://lordcerneabbas.blogspot.com/">lordcerneabbas.blogspot.com/</a> - 113k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">24 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:2iD9BPcC5soJ:lordcerneabbas.blogspot.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=57"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:lordcerneabbas.blogspot.com/"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.netactics.co.uk/crack_hotmail.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Crack Hotmail</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> - Al-Jazeerah.info Another year older, decades wiser - Wyoming Tribune How Safe Is Saudi Arabia From Cyber Crime? <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.netactics.co.uk/crack_hotmail.html">www.netactics.co.uk/crack_hotmail.html</a> - 31k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:jkn7ogMBjYkJ:www.netactics.co.uk/crack_hotmail.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=65"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.netactics.co.uk/crack_hotmail.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.positiveuniverse.com/Countries/Lebanon.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Positive Universe | Countries | Lebanon</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Al-Jazeerah.info</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">GA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">: <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">01/23/07</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Northwest Herald, IL: </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Summit</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> might aid peace talks </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">01/23/07</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.positiveuniverse.com/Countries/Lebanon.html">www.positiveuniverse.com/Countries/Lebanon.html</a> - 81k - </span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">24 Jan 2007</span></span><span class="a"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:j6ZHpVOHbsgJ:www.positiveuniverse.com/Countries/Lebanon.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=66"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.positiveuniverse.com/Countries/Lebanon.html"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.razmadze.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">tramadol, Phentermine 30mg capsule blue, phentermine without ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Al-Jazeerah.info</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">GA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - 4 hours ago Come lately US ( it has already spent more time in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> now than in that war <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.razmadze.com/">www.razmadze.com/</a> - 83k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:MIihQe-ixCQJ:www.razmadze.com/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=67"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.razmadze.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://poker2blog.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">poker2blog.com</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. by Best <b>poker</b> tools @ Mon, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">22 Jan 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">20:01:52</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> -0600. In fact, I think that at best it's a holding pattern. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><b>poker</b><a href="http://2blog.com/">2blog.com/</a> - </span></font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:poker2blog.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://mudulood.com/MAIN.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Mudulood Page</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. January 23/2007- Like Iraq , some fancy schemes are on the anvil in the Pentagon .To ward off the threats to the <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://mudulood.com/MAIN.htm">mudulood.com/MAIN.htm</a> - 399k - 24 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:w7jhvg7n2YIJ:mudulood.com/MAIN.htm+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=70"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:mudulood.com/MAIN.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://koti.mbnet.fi/kimmoko/ChessBlogs.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">KIMMO KOSKELAN SHAKKISIVU: Google Blog Search: chess</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Google Blog Search: <b>chess</b>. 23.1.07. Caption Contest XIII. Google Blog Search: <b>chess</b>. 23.1.07. <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://koti.mbnet.fi/kimmoko/">koti.mbnet.fi/kimmoko/</a><b>Chess</b>Blogs.php - 25k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:8oEW8ez_e8AJ:koti.mbnet.fi/kimmoko/ChessBlogs.php+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=74"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:koti.mbnet.fi/kimmoko/ChessBlogs.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://mailgate.supereva.com/misc/misc.activism.progressive/index.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Mailgate.ORG Web Server: misc.activism.progressive</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">23/01/2007 ICH: <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>, Information Clearing House 23/01/2007 AIDS Treatment Group To Sue Pfizer Over Viagra Ads_Reuters, <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://mailgate.supereva.com/misc/misc.activism.progressive/index.html">mailgate.supereva.com/misc/misc.activism.progressive/index.html</a> - 96k - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.129.104/search?q=cache:wpwD5k-skwgJ:mailgate.supereva.com/misc/misc.activism.progressive/index.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=75"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:mailgate.supereva.com/misc/misc.activism.progressive/index.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/jonsson021907.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Understand the mind of the Jihadist</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> 2007 in support of Democratic Congressional <b>moves</b> against President Bush in an editorial <b>by K Gajendra Singh</b>, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/jonsson021907.htm">www.canadafreepress.com/2007/jonsson021907.htm</a> - 72k - </span></font></font><a href="http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:l_rlA4D-HAEJ:www.canadafreepress.com/2007/jonsson021907.htm+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves+by.k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=11"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.canadafreepress.com/2007/jonsson021907.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.abrahamic-faith.com/Jonsson/understanding-Jihadi-mind.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Wakeup America – Understand the</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> the protest marches against war in Iraq being presented in Arabic and <b>Persian</b>. <b>...</b> <b>by K Gajendra Singh</b>, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.abrahamic-faith.com/Jonsson/understanding-Jihadi-mind.html">www.abrahamic-faith.com/Jonsson/understanding-Jihadi-mind.html</a> - 58k - </span></font></font><a href="http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:Qj03hiiCz70J:www.abrahamic-faith.com/Jonsson/understanding-Jihadi-mind.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves+by.k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=12"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.abrahamic-faith.com/Jonsson/understanding-Jihadi-mind.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA3qNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3aW50N2J1BGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMjcEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=11vgh89bp/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/freepage.twoday.net/stories/3222035/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">World-News: The Unthinkable: The US- Israeli Nuclear War on Iran</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">At no point since the first atomic bomb was dropped on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Hiroshima</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> on ... <a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/60/1/">http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/60/1/</a> <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://freepage.twoday.net/stories/3222035">freepage.twoday.net/stories/3222035</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>16k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA4qNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExdnM4aG5nBGNvbG8DdwRwb3MDMjcEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=1899i7j4r/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=freepage.twoday.net/stories/3222035/%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=aom6q-xsOK6N%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA46NXNyoA/SIG=15705k88o/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=freepage.twoday.net"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA5KNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3dWc4ZTZ1BGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMjgEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=131vfiqvg/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/mobile.moslike.com/mtheme/nov02/mk_farchive.php%3fp=202319%26n=9%26s=1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">MOSLIKE</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1. 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A Fool's Errand in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">yaw<b>and</b><a href="http://mog.wordpress.com">mog.wordpress.com</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>75k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AdiVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExaXA4aGg3BGNvbG8DdwRwb3MDMzMEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=17tekjoau/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=yawandmog.wordpress.com/%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=C4Js6OxsOK-R%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AdyVXNyoA/SIG=15b3lvaav/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=yawandmog.wordpress.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AhCVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3MDljZjc4BGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMzYEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=12gio5uj5/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/www.casinos.co.uk/news/gambling-news.html%3fstory=456"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Casinos.co.uk - Online Casinos and Land Based Casino Information</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Slots and Video <b>Poker</b> are Preferred Online Casino Games ... </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">23rd January, 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">: <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.casinos.co.uk/news/gambling-news.html?story=456">www.casinos.co.uk/news/gambling-news.html?story=456</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>24k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AiCVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExN25mN2s5BGNvbG8DdwRwb3MDMzYEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=190mo17t1/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.casinos.co.uk/news/gambling-news.html%253Fstory%253D456%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=YVXTa-xsOKya%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AiSVXNyoA/SIG=155oi6bsj/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.casinos.co.uk"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AliVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3dTRiZnNvBGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMzkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=11vlv09s7/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/washington.city-usa.org/tv-news.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Tv News of Washington</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">About the Tv News of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Washington</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Information, pictures and news. ... Note that Contarino and Cooper just delivered 69 ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> > ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://washington.city-usa.org/tv-news.html">washington.city-usa.org/tv-news.html</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>21k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AmiVXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExNzFiOXJmBGNvbG8DdwRwb3MDMzkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=189f2uujt/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=washington.city-usa.org/tv-news.html%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=HZZQ0-xsOKrr%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkieVArdFX_0AmyVXNyoA/SIG=15b9ghcuj/EXP=1169708053/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=washington.city-usa.org"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA6qNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3MDE4b2M3BGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMjkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=130aj1fva/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/www.newsdissector.com/blog/2007/01/23/al-qaeda-challenges-bush-again/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">News Dissector Blog " Al Qaeda Challenges Bush Again</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">... had heard about their interest in the issue and had even sent a copy of my film ... </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">IRAN</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">: <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. K Gajendra Singh writes: ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.newsdissector.com/blog/2007/01/23/al-qaeda-challenges-bush-again">www.newsdissector.com/blog/2007/01/23/al-qaeda-challenges-bush-again</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>54k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA7qNXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExMG9yNmw3BGNvbG8DdwRwb3MDMjkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=19appblq5/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.newsdissector.com/blog/2007/01/23/al-qaeda-challenges-bush-again/%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=ek2yWuxsOK2h%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkj1DArdFAqIA76NXNyoA/SIG=159q3fl3n/EXP=1169707971/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.newsdissector.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB7lRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3dmRzdHZhBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=13vioqd2e/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/www.sphere.com/search%3fq=sphereit%3ahttp%3a/www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1579092,00.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">sphereit:www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1579092,00.html - Sphere</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. from CRIMES AND CORRUPTIONS OF THE NEW WORLD ORDER NEWS 1 day ago ... News, Opinion and Commentary 4 days ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://sphere.com/search">sphere.com/search</a>?<b>...</b>/time/world/article/0,8599,1579092,00.html</span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>32k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB8lRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExMTgwdmkyBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=1au84o6k9/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.sphere.com/search%253Fq%253Dsphereit%3ahttp%3a/www.time.com/time/world/article/0%252C8599%252C1579092%252C00.html%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=NKCNYexsOK5M%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB81RXNyoA/SIG=152mpuqhd/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.sphere.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsATD1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2aTExa2NtBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNwRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=11mt29gif/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/www.whatreallyhappened.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">What Really Happened</font></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Exposing historical and recent events the government hopes you don't learn.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Category: </font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsATT1XNyoA/SIG=12qkjf1gd/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/dir.yahoo.com/Government/Politics/Political_Opinion/Conspiracy/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Political Opinion > Conspiracy</font></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.whatreallyhappened.com">www.whatreallyhappened.com</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>142k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAUT1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEwdWU2a2xzBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDNwRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=1837kekkg/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fei=UTF-8%26p=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.whatreallyhappened.com/%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=L8tnquxsOKmN%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuvKa07VF2MsAUj1XNyoA/SIG=15eut017q/EXP=1169630490/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.whatreallyhappened.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut1ahbZFhzoA34xXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3bXFjaHZuBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTcEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=11f7tbcu4/EXP=1169675994/**http%3a/www.openlebanon.org/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Open Lebanon: News, Blogs and Jump Site - Let's Build the Lebanon We Want</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latest news and real-time blogs about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Lebanon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, portal about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Lebanon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> news, ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> By K Gajendra Singh (Moreover) ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.openlebanon.org">www.openlebanon.org</a></span></em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <em>97k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut1ahbZFhzoA44xXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExOXA3YmI4BGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTcEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=17vn2bae7/EXP=1169675994/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%2b%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.openlebanon.org/%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=U0P2quxsOKzP%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut1ahbZFhzoA5IxXNyoA/SIG=157bg7oht/EXP=1169675994/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.openlebanon.org"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut1ahbZFhzoA5YxXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3NzFvcXR1BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTgEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=11lo4uqe9/EXP=1169675994/**http%3a/www.iraq-war.ru/index.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">News from Iraq: War, politics, economy</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">War, coalition, violence and human rights ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. 23.01.2007 [</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">01:39</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ] ... of workers and youth against the ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.iraq-war.ru/index.html">www.iraq-war.ru/index.html</a></span></em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut1ahbZFhzoA6YxXNyoA/SIG=153gei6kc/EXP=1169675994/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.iraq-war.ru"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></h2> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><a href="http://www.israelpalestineforum.com/component/option,com_newsfeeds/task,view/feedid,20/Itemid,37/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Israel Palestine Forum - News Feeds</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">NewsTrove.com - <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> On Iran , US Administration has reached the pre-Iraq invasion rhetoric level of 2003 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.israelpalestineforum.com/component/option,com_newsfeeds/task,view/feedid,20/Itemid,37/">www.israelpalestineforum.com/component/option,com_newsfeeds/task,view/feedid,20/Itemid,37/</a> - 42k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:CkHDGGLelKEJ:www.israelpalestineforum.com/component/option,com_newsfeeds/task,view/feedid,20/Itemid,37/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=10"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.israelpalestineforum.com/component/option,com_newsfeeds/task,view/feedid,20/Itemid,37/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.anakstore.com/iranian-foreign-ministry-770288.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Iranian foreign ministry: Tehran is ready to consider a ...</font></a></span></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Mohammad Ali Husseini condemned the raid. "The activity of all those people at <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.anakstore.com/iranian-foreign-ministry-770288.html">www.anakstore.com/iranian-foreign-ministry-770288.html</a> - 28k - 22 Jan 2007 - </span></font><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:vPlfSvyfrfYJ:www.anakstore.com/iranian-foreign-ministry-770288.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=16"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=related:www.anakstore.com/iranian-foreign-ministry-770288.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuunuTrZFJSkA9NxXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3MXVydThlBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTMEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=12tk37272/EXP=1169662062/**http%3a/groups.yahoo.com/group/al-Zawiya/messages/22554%3fxm=1%26o=1%26l=1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">al-Zawiya : Messages : 22525-22554 of 22554</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">al-Zawiya: A Resource for the Ahl al-Sunnah. ... FW: <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. ... 03 To: Kgajendrasingh@...; kgsingh@... Subject: <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b>...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://groups.yahoo.com/group/al-Zawiya/messages/22554?xm=1&o=1&l=1">groups.yahoo.com/group/al-Zawiya/messages/22554?xm=1&o=1&l=1</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>49k</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuunuTrZFJSkA.NxXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExcHNraG9iBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTMEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=19v6easa6/EXP=1169662062/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%2b%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=groups.yahoo.com/group/al-Zawiya/messages/22554%253Fxm%253D1%2526o%253D1%2526l%253D1%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=VFEMfexsOKqk%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuunuTrZFJSkA.dxXNyoA/SIG=154h9u26o/EXP=1169662062/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=groups.yahoo.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://daydreampolitics.org/?q=blog"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">blogs | Day Dream Politics</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. Revenue Streams That Feed the Barracudas ... 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News Archive. 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K Gajendra Singh ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.astroworld.us/archives/000623.html">www.astroworld.us/archives/000623.html</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>83k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.astroworld.us/archives/000623.html&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=DeytfuxsOLk3&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.astroworld.us"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.terminsurancetoday.org/european-expansion-in-the-islamic-world.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">european expansion in the islamic world</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">european expansion in the islamic world. <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. President Bush dealt threat Islamic fundamentalism ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://terminsurancetoday.org/european-expansion-in-the-islamic-world.html">terminsurancetoday.org/european-expansion-in-the-islamic-world.html</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>21k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.terminsurancetoday.org/european-expansion-in-the-islamic-world.html&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=NnSqBOxsOKs8&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.terminsurancetoday.org"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.searchhomepage.info/Moves.htm"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Moves</b> | www.searchhomepage.info</font></font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... Related: • <b>Texan</b> • <b>Poker</b> • <b>Bluff</b> • <b>and</b> • <b>Persian</b> • <b>Chess</b> • <b>Moves</b>. A blogger <b>moves</b> on ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.searchhomepage.info/">www.searchhomepage.info/</a><b>Moves</b>.htm</span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>101k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.searchhomepage.info/Moves.htm&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=E8WMMexsOLQB&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.searchhomepage.info"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.hobbit.it/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">www.gandalf.org</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">... to Ban Ki-moon and United Nations - The Palestinians in ... m 29953 <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> (<a href="http://www.uruknet.info?p=m29953&w=gh">http://www.uruknet.info?p=m29953&w=gh</a>) ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.hobbit.it">www.hobbit.it</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>25k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.hobbit.it/&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=eo2XDuxsOLS2&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.hobbit.it"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://online-security-solutions.com/links/alarm_internet_security_zone_page_3.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Alarm Internet Security Zone at Internet Security Guide</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Good information about Alarm Internet Security Zone at Internet ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> ... Tools and Tactics for the Master DayTrader: Battle-Tested ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://online-security-solutions.com/links/alarm_internet_security_zone_pa">online-security-solutions.com/links/alarm_internet_security_zone_pa</a><b>...</b></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>16k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=online-security-solutions.com/links/alarm_internet_security_zone_page_3.php&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=blNsPexsOKzg&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=online-security-solutions.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.livinginlatinamerica.com/articles/latin-america-music"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Living In Latin America Articles</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We find the information, you use it! ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... Economic Commission For </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> And The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Caribbean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> Animals ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.livinginlatinamerica.com/articles/latin-america-music">www.livinginlatinamerica.com/articles/latin-america-music</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>30k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.livinginlatinamerica.com/articles/latin-america-music&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=cJKTZexsOK3H&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.livinginlatinamerica.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut4ChbZF8G8BK4tXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2aTExa2NtBGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNwRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=11rmgs9h9/EXP=1169675906/**http%3a/chess.siammarts.com/%3ffeed=rss2"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">http://<b>chess</b>.siammarts.com/?feed=rss2</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">... Negotiations To Play Philly <b>Chess</b> Player, Teacher By Alexis ... ( <a href="http://allhiphop.com">allhiphop.com</a>) Kram-Topa Rematch Redux. <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ...</font></span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><em><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12pt">chess</span></em><em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<a href="http://siammarts.com/?feed=rss2">siammarts.com/?feed=rss2</a></span></em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geut4ChbZF8G8BL4tXNyoA/SIG=157e6bi22/EXP=1169675906/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=chess.siammarts.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geutICAbdFHpUAYzFXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE2NG1wMzg1BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDNgRzZWMDc3IEdnRpZANGODY0Xzc1/SIG=11sa882ul/EXP=1169707650/**http%3a/feeds.feedburner.com/IchBlogDotEu"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">feeds.feedburner.com/IchBlogDotEu</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. A Fool's Errand in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ... Lieberman And The Palestinian "demographic threat" Underdog Reaction To The ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/IchBlogDotEu">feeds.feedburner.com/IchBlogDotEu</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geutICAbdFHpUAZzFXNyoA/SIG=158s8d33p/EXP=1169707650/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=feeds.feedburner.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB1FRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3Y3FxbHN0BGNvbG8DZQRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMTUEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=12l242agm/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/www.ymlp.com/pubarchive_show_message.php%3ffeminine%2b1321"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Archives "Information Clearing House"</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Return to archives. Subject: ICH: <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ymlp.com/pubarchive_show_message.php?feminine+1321">www.ymlp.com/pubarchive_show_message.php?feminine+1321</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>566</i> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB2FRXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExMm42MzhhBGNvbG8DZQRwb3MDMTUEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=194d9dji0/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/216.109.125.130/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=www.ymlp.com/pubarchive_show_message.php%253Ffeminine%2b1321%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=YN4m3uxsOK4k%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0geuqujAbdFgoQB2VRXNyoA/SIG=150npklen/EXP=1169707811/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=www.ymlp.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://callcanadaforever.info/air-force-india.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Air Force India -- Information Blog</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... down through age, <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> Are You Proud To Be An American? ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://callcanadaforever.info/air-force-india.html">callcanadaforever.info/air-force-india.html</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>33k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=callcanadaforever.info/air-force-india.html&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=COkn-exsOK13&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=callcanadaforever.info"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.webgovernment.info/Moves.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">| www.webgovernment.info</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> ... <b>Texan</b> • <b>Poker</b> • <b>Bluff</b> • <b>and</b> • <b>Persian</b> • <b>Chess</b> ... Mnemonics • and • Blindfold • <b>Chess</b>. NM Gov. Richardson <b>Moves</b> Toward 2008 ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.webgovernment.info/">www.webgovernment.info/</a><b>Moves</b>.htm</span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>100k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.webgovernment.info/Moves.htm&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=db7FguxsOLPy&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.webgovernment.info"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.webvirtualreality.info/moves.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">| www.webvirtualreality.info</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> ... <b>Texan</b> • <b>Poker</b> • <b>Bluff</b> • <b>and</b> • <b>Persian</b> • <b>Chess</b> ... Mnemonics • and • Blindfold • <b>Chess</b>. NM Gov. Richardson <b>Moves</b> Toward 2008 ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.webvirtualreality.info/">www.webvirtualreality.info/</a><b>moves</b>.htm</span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>103k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.webvirtualreality.info/moves.htm&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=ZbkTCOxsOLT3&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.webvirtualreality.info"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://www.sirswift.com/e-empire+at+war+key.htm"><font color="#0000ff">empire at war key</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info. <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b>. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Al-Jazeerah.info</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">GA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jan 22, 2007</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.sirswift.com/e-empire+at+war+key.htm">www.sirswift.com/e-empire+at+war+key.htm</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>24k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=www.sirswift.com/e-empire+at+war+key.htm&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=AVly-OxsOLPt&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=www.sirswift.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://www.citibank-credit-cards.info/poker.html"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>poker</b> | www.citibank-credit-cards.info</font></font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Texan</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... 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mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> - Al-Jazeerah.info · <b>Texan Poker Bluff</b> <b>and Persian Chess Moves</b> Al-Jazeerah.info, GA - Jan 22, 2007 <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.granbytanks.eu/">www.granbytanks.eu/</a> - 115k - </span></font></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:wMCF2eP87Q8J:www.granbytanks.eu/+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=46"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.granbytanks.eu/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.theviewfromthepeak.net/articles/special.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Special Contributions Archive</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">This investor watches credit mushroom; bubbles pop and <b>move</b> on. <b>...</b> Bush in an editorial by K Gajendra Singh, <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b>. <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.theviewfromthepeak.net/articles/special.html">www.theviewfromthepeak.net/articles/special.html</a> - 193k - </span></font></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:d9lFVGQ8bbkJ:www.theviewfromthepeak.net/articles/special.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=47"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.theviewfromthepeak.net/articles/special.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://www.jordomedia.com/RSS/l_op=viewrss/lid=105618.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Jordo Media - View the feed - Today in Iraq</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">Of course, it remains to be seen whether these political <b>moves</b> will translate into <b>...</b> from <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> by K Gajendra Singh <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://www.jordomedia.com/RSS/l_op=viewrss/lid=105618.html">www.jordomedia.com/RSS/l_op=viewrss/lid=105618.html</a> - 282k - </span></font></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:GZGoNRkL8aIJ:www.jordomedia.com/RSS/l_op%3Dviewrss/lid%3D105618.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=58"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:www.jordomedia.com/RSS/l_op%3Dviewrss/lid%3D105618.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://discerningtexan.blogspot.com/2006_10_01_archive.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">The Discerning Texan</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">The Iranian strategy may therefore be designed to call American <b>bluff</b>. <b>...</b> It's a standard <b>chess</b> gambit, and Ahmadinejad is perfectly capable of executing <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">discerning<b>texan</b>.<a href="http://blogspot.com/2006_10_01_archive.html">blogspot.com/2006_10_01_archive.html</a> - 897k - </span></font></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:SytNLr8Rr6QJ:discerningtexan.blogspot.com/2006_10_01_archive.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=59"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:discerningtexan.blogspot.com/2006_10_01_archive.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://wickedchopspoker.blogs.com/my_weblog/poker_news/index.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Wicked Chops Poker: Poker News</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">By our analysis, this is a smart <b>move</b> by ESPN to enhance their <b>poker</b> presence, and an even better alliance for <b>Bluff</b>, clearly positioning itself as a leader <b>...</b><br> <span class="a">wickedchops<b>poker</b>.<a href="http://blogs.com/my_weblog/">blogs.com/my_weblog/</a><b>poker</b>_news/index.html - </span></font></font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:wickedchopspoker.blogs.com/my_weblog/poker_news/index.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Iranmehr</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> — Gajendra Singh, Mon Jan 22 23:38. Re: <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> — Gajendra Singh, Mon Jan 22 23: <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html">disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html</a> - 40k - </span></font></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:UFXTDRUzwfsJ:disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=64"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:disc.server.com/Indices/35812.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><a href="http://graham.main.nc.us/~bhammel/911v14.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">911 Bookmarks Volume 14</font></a></h2> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman">Argentina and Brazil <b>move</b> away from the Dollar (Smart) <b>...</b> Revenue Streams That Feed The Barracudas (READ) · <b>Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</b> <b>...</b><br> <span class="a"><a href="http://graham.main.nc.us/~bhammel/911v14.html">graham.main.nc.us/~bhammel/911v14.html</a> - 763k - </span></font></font><a href="http://72.14.221.104/search?q=cache:Hz7DTMtQXPgJ:graham.main.nc.us/%7Ebhammel/911v14.html+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=70"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="2"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=related:graham.main.nc.us/%7Ebhammel/911v14.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font><a href="http://grouptravel-directory.info/Kurdish.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Kurdish | grouptravel-directory.info</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Kurdish ... <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> ... Related: • <b>Texan</b> • <b>Poker</b> • <b>Bluff</b> • <b>and</b> • <b>Persian</b> • <b>Chess</b> • <b>Moves</b> ...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://grouptravel-directory.info/Kurdish.htm">grouptravel-directory.info/Kurdish.htm</a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - <i>107k</i> - <a href="http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&u=grouptravel-directory.info/Kurdish.htm&w=texan+poker+bluff+persian+chess+moves&d=ef4C0OxsOK--&icp=1&.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/search?p=Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves.&ei=UTF-8&fr=ush1-mail&vst=0&vs=grouptravel-directory.info"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkmOhurdF1GIBTFFXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTE3MDE4b2M3BGNvbG8DdwRsA1dTMQRwb3MDMjkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=131n49hav/EXP=1169755169/**http%3a/mobile.moslike.com/mtheme/nov02/mk_farchive.php%3fp=202319%26n=9%26s=1"><font color="#0000ff">MOSLIKE</font></a> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1. NewsTrove.com - <b>Texan</b> <b>Poker</b> <b>Bluff</b> <b>and</b> <b>Persian</b> <b>Chess</b> <b>Moves</b> By K Gajendra Singh ... 10. NewsTrove.com - On <b>Chess</b>, Or, "The Surge Is Underway: What Now? ...</font></span></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://mobile.moslike.com/mtheme/nov02/mk_farchive.php?p=202319&n=9&s=1">mobile.moslike.com/mtheme/nov02/mk_farchive.php?p=202319&n=9&s=1</a></span></em><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> - <em>4k</em> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkmOhurdF1GIBUFFXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTExMG9yNmw3BGNvbG8DdwRwb3MDMjkEc2VjA3NyBHZ0aWQDRjg2NF83NQ--/SIG=19u9gbfsp/EXP=1169755169/**http%3a/66.218.69.11/search/cache%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves.%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26u=mobile.moslike.com/mtheme/nov02/mk_farchive.php%253Fp%253D202319%2526n%253D9%2526s%253D1%26w=texan%2bpoker%2bbluff%2bpersian%2bchess%2bmoves%26d=fAr5_exsOK8K%26icp=1%26.intl=us"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="http://rds.yahoo.com/_ylt=A0oGkmOhurdF1GIBUVFXNyoA/SIG=157sndfcq/EXP=1169755169/**http%3a/search.yahoo.com/search%3fp=Texan%2bPoker%2bBluff%2band%2bPersian%2bChess%2bMoves.%26ei=UTF-8%26fr=ush1-mail%26vst=0%26vs=mobile.moslike.com"><font color="#0000ff">More from this site</font></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://www.bbsradio.com/newsfeeds/zfeeder.php?zfposition=p1,p3,p4,p5,p7,"><font color="#0000ff">www.bbsradio.com</font></a></span></h3> <p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">... Israel endorses international diplomatic efforts to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions, but his speech left open the possibility of pre-emptive military action. <strong>Texan</strong> <strong>Poker</strong> <strong>Bluff</strong> and <strong>Persian</strong> <strong>Chess</strong> <strong>Moves</strong> ... <a href="http://www.bbsradio.com/newsfeeds/zfeeder.php?zfposition=">www.bbsradio.com/newsfeeds/zfeeder.php?zfposition=</a> p1,p3,p4,p5,p7,<b>·</b> 1/22/2007<b>·</b> </font><a href="http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=5827468400476&lang=en-IN&mkt=en-IN&FORM=CVRE6"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cached page</font></a><a href="http://search.msn.co.in/results.aspx?q=site:www.bbsradio.com+Texan+Poker+Bluff+and+Persian+Chess+Moves&FORM=MSRE2"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Show more results from "www.bbsradio.com"</font></a><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">.</font></font></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://www.enzoviscuso.com/?tipo=internet&p=117"><font color="#0000ff">up with enzoviscuso!</font></a></span></h3> <p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">... Tracherous Roads (<a href="http://www.uruknet.info?p=m29955&w=ev">http://www.uruknet.info?p=m29955&w=ev</a>) m 29954 Counterinsurgency takes center stage in Iraq (<a href="http://www.uruknet.info?p=m29954&w=ev">http://www.uruknet.info?p=m29954&w=ev</a>) m 29953 <strong>Texan</strong> <strong>Poker</strong> <strong>Bluff</strong> and <strong>Persian</strong> <strong>Chess</strong> <strong>Moves</strong> ... <a href="http://www.enzoviscuso.com/?tipo=internet&p=">www.enzoviscuso.com/?tipo=internet&p=</a> 117<b>·</b> 1/22/2007<b>·</b> </font><a href="http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=5827416304201&lang=en-IN&mkt=en-IN&FORM=CVRE7"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cached page</font></a></p> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://video-games.elliottback.com/2006/05/01/empire-at-war-expansion/"><font color="#0000ff">Empire at War: Expansion? by Video Games</font></a></span></h3> <p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">... Behind Games has been linked to the right wing Empire of mega-church Pastor Rick ... alternatives to the next round of the 'War of the Game Consoles'. ... <strong>Texan</strong> <strong>Poker</strong> <strong>Bluff</strong> and <strong>Persian</strong> <strong>Chess</strong> <strong>Moves</strong> ... <a href="http://video-games.elliottback.com/2006/05/01/">video-games.elliottback.com/2006/05/01/</a> empire-at-war-expansion<b>·</b> 1/22/2007<b>·</b> </font><a href="http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=5827501898203&lang=en-IN&mkt=en-IN&FORM=CVRE4"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cached page</font></a></p> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></li> </ul> <h3 style="MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><a href="http://www.magentanews.com/magenta/xml/html/24/9/12609.html"><font color="#0000ff">www.magentanews.com</font></a></span></h3> <p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Northern Lights Health Region and Imperial Oil sign MOU to develop robust on ... <strong>Texan</strong> <strong>Poker</strong> <strong>Bluff</strong> and <strong>Persian</strong> <strong>Chess</strong> <strong>Moves</strong> By K Gajendra Singh <a href="http://www.magentanews.com/magenta/xml/html/24/9/">www.magentanews.com/magenta/xml/html/24/9/</a> 12609.html<b>·</b> 1/23/2007<b>·</b> </font><a href="http://cc.msnscache.com/cache.aspx?q=5847540997079&lang=en-US&mkt=en-US&FORM=CVRE10"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cached page</font></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/60/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">The Unthinkable: The US- Israeli Nuclear War on Iran</font></b></a><br> <br><font face="Times New Roman"><b>By Michel Chossudovsky</b><br><br>At no point since the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th, 1945, has humanity been closer to the unthinkable, a nuclear holocaust which could potentially spread, in terms of radioactive fallout, over a large part of the Middle East. </font><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/60/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Continue</font></b></a></span></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </font></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/66/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Texan Poker Bluff and Persian Chess Moves</font></b></a><b><br> <br><font face="Times New Roman">K Gajendra Singh<br><br></font></b><font face="Times New Roman">Like Iraq , some fancy schemes are on the anvil in the Pentagon .To ward off the threats to the world economy if Tehran curtailed oil traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, the US has reportedly made contingency plans for the indefinite takeover of Iranian territory in Chah Bahar, which would deny Tehran its strategic leverage with Hormuz. </font><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/66/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Continue</font></b></a></span></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </font></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/62/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">A Fool's Errand in Baghdad</font></b></a><font face="Times New Roman"><b> <br> <br>By Mike Whitney <br><br></b>Let's assume for a moment, that Dick Cheney is the driving force behind the plan to surge in </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Does anyone really believe that the vice president is genuinely concerned about the safety of the Iraqi people?<b> </b><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/62/1/"><b><font color="#0000ff">Continue</font></b></a></span></font></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </font></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/69/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Only Impeachment Can Prevent More War</font></b></a><font face="Times New Roman"><b> <br> <br>By Paul Craig Roberts <br><br></b>Everyone knows that Bush's </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> "surge" will not work. Even the authors of the plan, neoconservatives Frederick Kagan and Jack Keane, have emphasized that the plan cannot work with any less than an addition of 50,000 US troops committed to another three years of combat. Bush is only adding 40% of that number of troops, and Defense Secretary Gates speaks of the operation being over by summer's end. <a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/69/1/"><b><font color="#0000ff">Continue</font></b></a></span></font></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </font></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/61/1/"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Oil, Not Terrorists, the Reason for US Attack on Somalia</font></b></a><b><br> <br><font face="Times New Roman">By Wanjohi Kabukuru<br><br></font></b><font face="Times New Roman">Just why did the US attack Somalia two weeks ago? Of course, the answer given for the </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> military intervention and the generally accepted notion is the hunt for terrorists. But is it? Are terrorists the only bone of contention the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has with </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Somalia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">? When the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> military devised "Operation Restore Hope" in 1993 which was short-lived after they were whipsawed by rag-tag militia in and around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mogadishu</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, were they fighting the 'war on terror'? <a href="http://www.ichblog.eu/content/view/61/1/"><b><font color="#0000ff">Continue</font></b></a></span></font></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"> <hr align="center" width="100%" size="2"> </font></span></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.mytelus.com/news/article.do?pageID=cbc/world_home&articleID=2521686"><b><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Bomb attacks kill 100 in Iraq: police</font></b></a><font face="Times New Roman"><b>: </b>At least 100 people were killed on Monday in </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in three deadly bombings, one north of the capital and two earlier in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-1115810851604138212010-01-03T06:43:00.001-08:002010-01-03T06:43:52.110-08:00Webs-Turkey, Israel aim to forgive and forget<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Israel</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">aim</span> to <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">forgive</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">forget</span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FG28Ak02.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Asia Times - Asia's most trusted news source for the Middle East</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> Before returning home,<br>Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara in mid-July to <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FG28Ak02.html">www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FG28Ak02.html</a> - 67k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:wjALkoUIRKAJ:www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/FG28Ak02.html+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.atimes.com\atimes\Middle_East\FG28Ak02.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.turkeypost.com/"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Turkey</b> Post</font></font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home,<br>Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara in mid-July <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green">www.<b>turkey</b><a href="http://post.com/">post.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:_fKv6FIBlLMJ:www.turkeypost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.turkeypost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.sabah.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Sabah</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.sabah.com/">www.sabah.com/</a> - 68k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:HWoSVBpK4MkJ:www.sabah.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.sabah.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.terrorwire.com/s/ciafbinews/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">CIA FBI News</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br>returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in A... <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.terrorwire.com/s/ciafbinews/">www.terrorwire.com/s/ciafbinews/</a> - 101k - 28 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:zTPVYuRLgyIJ:www.terrorwire.com/s/ciafbinews/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.terrorwire.com\s\ciafbinews\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.wneurope.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">WN Europe</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br>By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.wneurope.com/">www.wneurope.com/</a> - 57k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:K73qri088V8J:www.wneurope.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.wneurope.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://radioturkey.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Radio <b>Turkey</b> - live via internet!</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> auxiliary were killed Monday by Kurdish rebels in an ambush i... Full Story <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green">radio<b>turkey</b>.com/ - 100k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:lLnv9zSL5EsJ:radioturkey.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:radioturkey.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.politicalasia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Political Asia Daily</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br>returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.politicalasia.com/">www.politicalasia.com/</a> - 86k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Rt6zAWnutyYJ:www.politicalasia.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.politicalasia.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.agriculturenews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Agriculture News</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> made the allegations after raiding a state-owned farm in the k... Full Story <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.agriculturenews.com/">www.agriculturenews.com/</a> - 81k - </span><span style="COLOR: green">27 Jul 2004</span><span style="COLOR: green"> - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:B2IeFy0YEZEJ:www.agriculturenews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.agriculturenews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.chineseamericanews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Chinese America News</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Exporters such as Taiwan Semiconductor M... Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b><br>and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.chineseamericanews.com/">www.chineseamericanews.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:vCI693EW6ZcJ:www.chineseamericanews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.chineseamericanews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.londonglobe.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">London Globe</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home,<br> Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara in mid-July <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.londonglobe.com/">www.londonglobe.com/</a> - 80k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:YHqpwlszCesJ:www.londonglobe.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.londonglobe.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.heavyindustry.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Heavy Industry News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.heavyindustry.com/">www.heavyindustry.com/</a> - 77k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:NxSDBgBW8RAJ:www.heavyindustry.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.heavyindustry.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.africafm.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Africa FM</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.africafm.com/">www.africafm.com/</a> - 81k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:yiLJ_6YPdQMJ:www.africafm.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.africafm.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.persiangulf.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Gulf Hello</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.persiangulf.com/">www.persiangulf.com/</a> - 76k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:T_3k-faYf1cJ:www.persiangulf.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.persiangulf.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.wnarabia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">WN Arabia</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.wnarabia.com/">www.wnarabia.com/</a> - 58k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:mOP91bfWnp4J:www.wnarabia.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.wnarabia.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.ugandadaily.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Uganda Daily</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.ugandadaily.com/">www.ugandadaily.com/</a> - 71k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:SztCWM1dQqcJ:www.ugandadaily.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.ugandadaily.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.tamilexpress.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Tamil Express</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.tamilexpress.com/">www.tamilexpress.com/</a> - 68k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:WNKtsd5-r3IJ:www.tamilexpress.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.tamilexpress.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.worldpeacereport.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">World Peace Report</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.worldpeacereport.com/">www.worldpeacereport.com/</a> - 75k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:tlo6beJ9ixkJ:www.worldpeacereport.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.worldpeacereport.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.oil.com/s/oil/tsindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Oil</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.oil.com/s/oil/tsindex.html">www.oil.com/s/oil/tsindex.html</a> - 66k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:2RyVDlxCStsJ:www.oil.com/s/oil/tsindex.html+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.oil.com\s\oil\tsindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.armsdealing.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Arms Dealing</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.armsdealing.com/">www.armsdealing.com/</a> - 79k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:PexYB4FaABwJ:www.armsdealing.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.armsdealing.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.chadpost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Chad Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in A... <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.chadpost.com/">www.chadpost.com/</a> - 96k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:muIlg_kBcpUJ:www.chadpost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.chadpost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.cairopost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cairo Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.cairopost.com/">www.cairopost.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:RKXwARA3fGMJ:www.cairopost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.cairopost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.natonews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">NATO News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.natonews.com/">www.natonews.com/</a> - 69k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:RHQDNJFu9fYJ:www.natonews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.natonews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.tanzanianews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Tanzania News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.tanzanianews.com/">www.tanzanianews.com/</a> - 77k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:0kXW4ky3QnoJ:www.tanzanianews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.tanzanianews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://radioturkey.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Radio <b>Turkey</b> - live via internet!</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> auxiliary were killed Monday by Kurdish rebels in an ambush i... Full Story <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green">radio<b>turkey</b>.com/ - 100k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:lLnv9zSL5EsJ:radioturkey.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:radioturkey.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.jordanpost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Jordan Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.jordanpost.com/">www.jordanpost.com/</a> - 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101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:qwCE1PT8NWYJ:www.statesofwar.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.statesofwar.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.warsaw.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Warsaw</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.warsaw.com/">www.warsaw.com/</a> - 79k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:qBcy6adMb0QJ:www.warsaw.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.warsaw.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.chicagoindustry.com/">www.chicagoindustry.com/</a> - 100k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:5WypZ2uVF7EJ:www.chicagoindustry.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.chicagoindustry.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://middleeastpost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Middle East Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://middleeastpost.com/">middleeastpost.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:xz0xQpitd70J:middleeastpost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:middleeastpost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.changingchina.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Changing China</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.changingchina.com/">www.changingchina.com/</a> - 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101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:y64sf5QzTnYJ:worldglobalrisks.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:worldglobalrisks.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.indoasiatv.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Indo Asia TV</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.indoasiatv.com/">www.indoasiatv.com/</a> - 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72k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:gXUpV5S-q-IJ:www.tokyoglobe.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.tokyoglobe.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.mozambiquetv.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Mozambique TV</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.mozambiquetv.com/">www.mozambiquetv.com/</a> - 76k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:tNHoQ3CJcF4J:www.mozambiquetv.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.mozambiquetv.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.offshorenamibia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Offshore Namibia</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.offshorenamibia.com/">www.offshorenamibia.com/</a> - 69k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:WLelhXhI_BcJ:www.offshorenamibia.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.offshorenamibia.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.indiatelemedia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">India Telemedia</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.indiatelemedia.com/">www.indiatelemedia.com/</a> - 81k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:FVJrjaqyOmgJ:www.indiatelemedia.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.indiatelemedia.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.riyadhinc.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Riyadh Inc - Riyadh Business News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.riyadhinc.com/">www.riyadhinc.com/</a> - 76k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:NfHPMEVot6gJ:www.riyadhinc.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.riyadhinc.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.uttarpost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Uttar Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.uttarpost.com/">www.uttarpost.com/</a> - 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67k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:fus6aw0JgpEJ:www.hellobeirut.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.hellobeirut.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.punjablife.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Punjab Life</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.punjablife.com/">www.punjablife.com/</a> - 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79k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:5SIg-TpjFssJ:www.ugandanetwork.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.ugandanetwork.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.parisconfidential.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Paris Confidential</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.parisconfidential.com/">www.parisconfidential.com/</a> - 60k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:HB8wn-Gmi8MJ:www.parisconfidential.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.parisconfidential.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.africabusinessdaily.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Africa Business Daily</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.africabusinessdaily.com/">www.africabusinessdaily.com/</a> - 91k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:IGjN9nDugbEJ:www.africabusinessdaily.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.africabusinessdaily.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.ellebombay.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Bombay Life</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.ellebombay.com/">www.ellebombay.com/</a> - 79k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:pFTjSykHIjsJ:www.ellebombay.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.ellebombay.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.sauditvnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Saudi TV News</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.sauditvnews.com/">www.sauditvnews.com/</a> - 70k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:c6w22GC4_qwJ:www.sauditvnews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.sauditvnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.goapost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Goa Post</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br>returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.goapost.com/">www.goapost.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:m4Mi1NUnI1sJ:www.goapost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.goapost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://europeworldnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Europe World News</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://europeworldnews.com/">europeworldnews.com/</a> - 86k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:xaqWjD0KB3gJ:europeworldnews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:europeworldnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.barcelonafm.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Barcelona FM</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.barcelonafm.com/">www.barcelonafm.com/</a> - 70k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:EjEkHuNAjxoJ:www.barcelonafm.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.barcelonafm.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.saudipost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Saudi Post</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br>returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.saudipost.com/">www.saudipost.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:HPBS00rLB3EJ:www.saudipost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.saudipost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.dammam.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Dammam</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.dammam.com/">www.dammam.com/</a> - 67k - 28 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:ssHD12c7jggJ:www.dammam.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.dammam.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.suezcanal.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Suez Canal</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.suezcanal.com/">www.suezcanal.com/</a> - 76k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:m9EWV86PsNoJ:www.suezcanal.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.suezcanal.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.moscowhello.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Moscow Hello</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.moscowhello.com/">www.moscowhello.com/</a> - 76k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:haMbdoYxDjAJ:www.moscowhello.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.moscowhello.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.scrap.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Scrap</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.scrap.com/">www.scrap.com/</a> - 66k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:80rXSTJb0zkJ:www.scrap.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.scrap.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.arabiamedia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Arabia Media</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.arabiamedia.com/">www.arabiamedia.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:jQoqVuK899cJ:www.arabiamedia.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.arabiamedia.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bosniapost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Bosnia Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bosniapost.com/">www.bosniapost.com/</a> - 62k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:pF-9H6DkFesJ:www.bosniapost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.bosniapost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://westasiafm.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">West Asia FM</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://westasiafm.com/">westasiafm.com/</a> - 75k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:YY5jMgSm7_0J:westasiafm.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:westasiafm.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.cairostar.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cairo Star</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.cairostar.com/">www.cairostar.com/</a> - 65k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:wtuluN7dmC4J:www.cairostar.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.cairostar.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.radiowarsaw.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Radio Warsaw</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.radiowarsaw.com/">www.radiowarsaw.com/</a> - 86k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:EgU6huaqdYsJ:www.radiowarsaw.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.radiowarsaw.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://middleeastdaily.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Middle East Daily</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://middleeastdaily.com/">middleeastdaily.com/</a> - 87k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:bNxulIbl0U0J:middleeastdaily.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:middleeastdaily.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.jordanglobe.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Jordan Globe</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.jordanglobe.com/">www.jordanglobe.com/</a> - 74k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:3dAhCV82PSoJ:www.jordanglobe.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.jordanglobe.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.omanstar.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Oman Star</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.omanstar.com/">www.omanstar.com/</a> - 73k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:5qJO_LKxZ8oJ:www.omanstar.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.omanstar.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.terrorwire.com/s/terrorwire/tsindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Terror Wire</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.terrorwire.com/s/terrorwire/tsindex.html">www.terrorwire.com/s/terrorwire/tsindex.html</a> - 69k - 28 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:YHskM71B9V0J:www.terrorwire.com/s/terrorwire/tsindex.html+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.terrorwire.com\s\terrorwire\tsindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.africadaily.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Africa Daily</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.africadaily.com/">www.africadaily.com/</a> - 82k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:LPKDygS4lj4J:www.africadaily.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.africadaily.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.worldprotest.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">World Protest</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.worldprotest.com/">www.worldprotest.com/</a> - 84k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:qeWz3QD71YQJ:www.worldprotest.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.worldprotest.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://europedaily.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Europe Daily</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b><br> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://europedaily.com/">europedaily.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:P1cmY31JHOQJ:europedaily.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:europedaily.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.israelpost.com/"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Israel</b> Post</font></font></font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in A... <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green">www.<b>israel</b><a href="http://post.com/">post.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:4xZjeIAab88J:www.israelpost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.israelpost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.calcuttalife.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Calcutta Life</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.calcuttalife.com/">www.calcuttalife.com/</a> - 69k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:B1xkd-jk6N8J:www.calcuttalife.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.calcuttalife.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.gujaratpost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Gujarat Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.gujaratpost.com/">www.gujaratpost.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:BE8BCC0fuQYJ:www.gujaratpost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.gujaratpost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://hindustanlife.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Hindustan Life</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://hindustanlife.com/">hindustanlife.com/</a> - 77k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:D77IvR-o6TAJ:hindustanlife.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:hindustanlife.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://crossculturalnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cross Cultural News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://crossculturalnews.com/">crossculturalnews.com/</a> - 75k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Amz0UEeKJX4J:crossculturalnews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:crossculturalnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.tehran.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Tehran</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.tehran.com/">www.tehran.com/</a> - 80k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Yh5nuooH2CwJ:www.tehran.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.tehran.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.zioneocon.blogspot.com/2003_11_16_zioneocon_archive.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Boker Tov, Boulder!</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Arabs, he consistently states that his <b>aim</b> is the <b>...</b> them Jews, were killed, Dagan said<br> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Israel</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> had no <b>...</b> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, only general alerts of possible attacks in </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.zioneocon.blogspot.com/">www.zioneocon.blogspot.com/</a> 2003_11_16_zioneocon_archive.html - 101k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:4pWwI70bz-AJ:www.zioneocon.blogspot.com/2003_11_16_zioneocon_archive.html+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.zioneocon.blogspot.com\2003_11_16_zioneocon_archive.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.jerusalembusiness.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Jerusalem Business</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.jerusalembusiness.com/">www.jerusalembusiness.com/</a> - 88k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:d_87l48uZqEJ:www.jerusalembusiness.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.jerusalembusiness.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.andhrapradeshnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Andhra Pradesh News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.andhrapradeshnews.com/">www.andhrapradeshnews.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:jmjd0ybqolIJ:www.andhrapradeshnews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.andhrapradeshnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.hellobombay.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Hello Bombay</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.hellobombay.com/">www.hellobombay.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:SOXi7UyzIasJ:www.hellobombay.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.hellobombay.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.arabenews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">News Arab World</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.arabenews.com/">www.arabenews.com/</a> - 81k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:JUrQP02uH2kJ:www.arabenews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.arabenews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.uttarpradeshnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Uttar Pradesh News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br> returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.uttarpradeshnews.com/">www.uttarpradeshnews.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:PR-YzaeghOUJ:www.uttarpradeshnews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.uttarpradeshnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://zimbabwefm.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Zimbabwe FM</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://zimbabwefm.com/">zimbabwefm.com/</a> - 71k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:_gouUE-yll0J:zimbabwefm.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:zimbabwefm.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.iraqdaily.com/s/iraqdaily/tsindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Iraq Daily</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.iraqdaily.com/s/iraqdaily/tsindex.html">www.iraqdaily.com/s/iraqdaily/tsindex.html</a> - 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73k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:FMPya2bY6KwJ:www.onlineoman.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.onlineoman.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.mediafrankfurt.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Media Frankfurt</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.mediafrankfurt.com/">www.mediafrankfurt.com/</a> - 69k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:hfzkp_vB3X8J:www.mediafrankfurt.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.mediafrankfurt.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.istanbulnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Istanbul News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.istanbulnews.com/">www.istanbulnews.com/</a> - 65k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:zD8OWXAV1O0J:www.istanbulnews.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.istanbulnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.syrialife.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Syria Life</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.syrialife.com/">www.syrialife.com/</a> - 83k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:NUS0oXNmO7gJ:www.syrialife.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.syrialife.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bollywoodconfidential.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Bollywood Confidential</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bollywoodconfidential.com/">www.bollywoodconfidential.com/</a> - 62k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:6pq9dvA5SJAJ:www.bollywoodconfidential.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.bollywoodconfidential.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.breakfastafrica.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Breakfast Africa</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.breakfastafrica.com/">www.breakfastafrica.com/</a> - 90k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:AvXO3L669jkJ:www.breakfastafrica.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.breakfastafrica.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.delhiadvertising.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Delhi Advertising</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.delhiadvertising.com/">www.delhiadvertising.com/</a> - 69k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:XsjUbq1ornEJ:www.delhiadvertising.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.delhiadvertising.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.hyderabadpost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Hyderabad Post</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br>returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.hyderabadpost.com/">www.hyderabadpost.com/</a> - 101k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:0m1x2oKq33IJ:www.hyderabadpost.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.hyderabadpost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.nicaraguanews.com/s/nicaraguanews/tsindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Nicaragua News</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br>By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.nicaraguanews.com/s/nicaraguanews/tsindex.html">www.nicaraguanews.com/s/nicaraguanews/tsindex.html</a> - 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80k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:lJsjExCZ7QEJ:www.qatarglobe.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.qatarglobe.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.arabworldculture.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Arab World Culture</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b><br>By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.arabworldculture.com/">www.arabworldculture.com/</a> - 73k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:fhJ6kou0PxQJ:www.arabworldculture.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.arabworldculture.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.indiamarine.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">India Marine</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before<br>returning home, Israeli Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who was in Ankara <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.indiamarine.com/">www.indiamarine.com/</a> - 74k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:f6L0Bc0rZAwJ:www.indiamarine.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.indiamarine.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.chennaiglobe.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Chennai Globe</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, Asia Times<br><b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.chennaiglobe.com/">www.chennaiglobe.com/</a> - 92k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:6MpJxwNdGJcJ:www.chennaiglobe.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.chennaiglobe.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.beijinghello.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Beijing Hello</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> Iraq <b>Israel</b> Palestine Photos <b>Turkey</b>, <b>Turkey</b>,<br><b>Israel</b> <b>aim</b> to <b>forgive</b> and <b>forget</b> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | Before returning <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.beijinghello.com/">www.beijinghello.com/</a> - 77k - 27 Jul 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:k7roZ8uKOqgJ:www.beijinghello.com/+Turkey,+Israel+aim+to+forgive+and+forget+++k.gajendra++singh&hl=en"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.beijinghello.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break" clear="all"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 1%; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="1%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" valign="bottom" nowrap> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break" clear="all"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="WIDTH: 1%; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="1%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" valign="bottom" nowrap> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <div align="center"> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="MARGIN: auto auto auto -6.55pt; WIDTH: 2.34%; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="2%" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0in; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0in; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0in; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; WIDTH: 100%; PADDING-TOP: 0in; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" valign="bottom" nowrap width="100%"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-34736264338048173352010-01-03T06:40:00.001-08:002010-01-03T06:40:35.807-08:00Webs-Turkey ; Sow war and reap terror<p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><font face="Times New Roman"></font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> ; <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Sow</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">war</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">and</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">reap</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">terror</span> </span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Asia Times</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> B Raman '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' United States <b>...</b> and Serbs, a move that helped globalize<br> the jihadi movement, and that is now having ramifications in </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/">www.atimes.com/</a> - 55k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:Oi1IREPCVToJ:www.atimes.com/+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.atimes.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1026769/posts?page=25"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Turkey</span>: '<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Sow</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">war</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">and</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">reap</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">terror</span>' (Clinton's role in the rise of <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">...</span> </font></font></font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Clinton</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">'s role in the rise of al-Qaeda) <a href="http://atimes.com">atimes.com</a><br> ^ | </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 22, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> | K Gajendra Singh. <b>...</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/">www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/</a> 1026769/posts?page=25 - 61k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">22 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:agdVHJxNfS0J:www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1026769/posts%3Fpage%3D25+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.freerepublic.com\focus\f-news\1026769\posts%3Fpage%3D25"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.london-morning-paper.co.uk/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">London Morning Paper</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> And <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b> <b>...</b> Linking Occupation Of Iraq With The '<b>War</b> On Terrorism <b>...</b> Advice<br> From Israel on Iraq [CTRL] Mossad Chief Travels to <b>Turkey</b> (Guardian) [CTRL <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.london-morning-paper.co.uk/">www.london-morning-paper.co.uk/</a> - 30k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:iP4O12L7N8UJ:www.london-morning-paper.co.uk/+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.london-morning-paper.co.uk\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://militaryweek.com/waronterror.shtml"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman">MilitaryWeek.com: <b>war</b> on <b>terror</b></font></font></font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> by <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> and Syed Saleem Shahzad in Karachi Istanbul : Gateway to <b>terror</b><br> The hallmarks of an al-Qaeda attack <b>Turkey</b> : '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' 'The <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://militaryweek.com/waronterror.shtml">militaryweek.com/waronterror.shtml</a> - 62k - 28 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Mz3jtGXwGwgJ:militaryweek.com/waronterror.shtml+k.gajendra+singh+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:militaryweek.com\waronterror.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.islamicity.com/m/news.asp?Type=latest"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">There are 18 news available for the query on 'Latest News'. <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Trafalgar Square; US hid vital war data from allies; <b>Turkey</b>: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b><br> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'; Europe: Short life of a grand initiative; Egypt's <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.islamicity.com/m/news.asp?Type=latest">www.islamicity.com/m/news.asp?Type=latest</a> - 5k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:dKHgbjFl-bkJ:www.islamicity.com/m/news.asp%3FType%3Dlatest+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.islamicity.com\m\news.asp%3FType%3Dlatest"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.channel4.com/news/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Channel 4 News - Homepage</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' The origin of al-Qaeda during <b>...</b> it grow gobal during the Balkan<br> <b>war</b> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Bosnia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>...</b> A very enlighting aricle by a former ambassador to </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.channel4.com/news/">www.channel4.com/news/</a> - 50k - 28 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:U0e-eaZZj5sJ:www.channel4.com/news/+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.channel4.com\news\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.newsfromtheedge.org/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">NEWS from the EDGE</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> times </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">ISTANBUL</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> -- THE ENEMY WITHIN raman.. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> times </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">TURKEY</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> -- <b>SOW</b><br> <b>WAR</b> - <b>REAP</b> <b>TERROR</b> singh.. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">asia</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> times GET SMART OR LOSE THE <b>WAR</b> xi.. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.newsfromtheedge.org/">www.newsfromtheedge.org/</a> - 49k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:eeCKgrqjookJ:www.newsfromtheedge.org/+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.newsfromtheedge.org\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Strike The Root - a journal of liberty</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> and <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b>. <b>...</b> Muslims and Serbs, a move that helped globalize the jihadi<br> movement, and that is now having ramifications in </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> ." Report by K <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/">www.strike-the-root.com/</a> - 78k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:RX7S-ac4vWEJ:www.strike-the-root.com/+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.strike-the-root.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/376_0,00120001.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Editorial : The Big Idea : HindustanTimes.com</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Sow</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>war</b>, <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b> Many disquieting messages have been sent with the two car bombings<br> in <b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>'s stock market fell immediately, and world markets felt the <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/376_0,00120001.htm">www.hindustantimes.com/news/376_0,00120001.htm</a> - 67k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Lu1QBr9Hk_4J:www.hindustantimes.com/news/376_0,00120001.htm+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.hindustantimes.com\news\376_0,00120001.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.asiawind.com/forums/list.php?f=3"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">phorum - Our World Forum at Asiawind</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> new, suen.kuen, 5, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11-27-03</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">22:53</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. Thanksgiving - sparing a <b>turkey</b> new, Greg Ting,<br> 4, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11-27-03</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 22:48. <b>...</b> <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' new, Mullion, 0, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11-26-03</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">18:17</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.asiawind.com/forums/list.php?f=3">www.asiawind.com/forums/list.php?f=3</a> - 47k - 29 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:t30tOHL5-5kJ:www.asiawind.com/forums/list.php%3Ff%3D3+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.asiawind.com\forums\list.php%3Ff%3D3"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.payk.net/mailingLists/iran-news/html/current/msg05119.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Turkey: 'Sow war and reap terror' By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> Asia Times</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]<br></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">: 'Sow war and reap terror' By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> Asia Times. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.payk.net/mailingLists/iran-news/">www.payk.net/mailingLists/iran-news/</a> html/current/msg05119.html - 18k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.37.104/search?q=cache:WMX_XQWtVmIJ:www.payk.net/mailingLists/iran-news/html/current/msg05119.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.payk.net\mailingLists\iran-news\html\current\msg05119.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://localfeeds.com/near/?city=508&dist=50"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Localfeeds: Seattle(50)</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> I delete the comments as soon as you post them. Toodles, Anne..... posted to In<br> a Puddle at Nov 23 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">10:05 PM</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">(recenter)(XML). </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://localfeeds.com/near/?city=508&dist=50">localfeeds.com/near/?city=508&dist=50</a> - 33k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:dJgwpf0rpG8J:localfeeds.com/near/%3Fcity%3D508%26dist%3D50+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:localfeeds.com\near\%3Fcity%3D508%26dist%3D50"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-table-lspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-rspace: 2.25pt; mso-table-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-table-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-table-left: left" cellpadding="0" align="left" border="0"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes"> <td style="BORDER-RIGHT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-RIGHT: 0.75pt; BORDER-TOP: #f0f0f0; PADDING-LEFT: 0.75pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 0.75pt; BORDER-LEFT: #f0f0f0; PADDING-TOP: 0.75pt; BORDER-BOTTOM: #f0f0f0; BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-element: frame; mso-element-frame-hspace: 2.25pt; mso-element-wrap: around; mso-element-anchor-vertical: paragraph; mso-element-anchor-horizontal: column; mso-height-rule: exactly"> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.xasa.cn/news/business.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff"></font></a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://news.ft.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=FT.com/StoryFT/FullStory&c=StoryFT&cid=1069132051299"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Europe set for subdued end to week</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><a href="http://news.ft.com/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=FT.com/StoryFT/FullStory&c=StoryFT&cid=1069132051299" target="_blank"><span style="TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></font></font></span></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #6f6f6f; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Financial Times -</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> 10 minutes ago</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Geopolitical concerns that have dogged markets all week are likely to remain. Reports on Friday suggest their have been a number of explosions in the Iraqi capital of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">. The Iraqi oil ministry appears to have been targeted in one of ...</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/EK22Ak02.html"><font face="Times New Roman"><font color="#0000ff">' </font><b><span style="COLOR: black">Sow war</span></b><font color="#0000ff"> and </font><b><span style="COLOR: black">reap terror</span></b><font color="#0000ff"> '</font></font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt"> Times Online</span><font size="3"> </font></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial"><a href="http://www.xasa.cn/news/business.htm"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.xasa.cn/news/business.htm</font></a>.</span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><a href="http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=938"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">de defensa</font></span></a><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font face="Times New Roman"> - [ </font></span><a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php%3Fart_id%3D938&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2Bk.gajendra%2Bsingh%2B%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Translate this page</font></span></a><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR"> ]<br> <b>...</b> Ci-dessous, nous publions un texte intéressant d'un ancien ambassadeur<br>indien, <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, notamment en Turquie de 1992 à 1996. <b>...</b> <br></span><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=938">www.dedefensa.org/article.php?art_id=938</a> - 30k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:BhK2_U7uLk8J:www.dedefensa.org/article.php%3Fart_id%3D938++k.gajendra+singh+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.dedefensa.org\article.php%3Fart_id%3D938"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/terrorism/news/webnews.php3?block=103"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">World Terrorism Report - Political, Business and Breaking <b>...</b> </font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> of Al Qaida Cargo Jet Threat 22 Nov 2003 12:09; <b>Turkey</b> makes arrests <b>...</b> client files<br>for terrorism suspects 22 Nov 2003 12:06; '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' 22 Nov <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/terrorism/news/webnews.php3?block=103">www.einnews.com/terrorism/news/webnews.php3?block=103</a> - 60k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:rFAtgqXy9VUJ:www.einnews.com/terrorism/news/webnews.php3%3Fblock%3D103+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.einnews.com\terrorism\news\webnews.php3%3Fblock%3D103"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.manzilmedia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Top News, Columns, Editorials, Opinions and Views -- Manzil Media</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> A very Arab obsession Al Ahram. Christians, Muslims worship same God, Bush<br>tells reporters BP News. <b>Turkey</b>: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' Asia Times. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.manzilmedia.com/">www.manzilmedia.com/</a> - 58k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:txp6-0VmX2wJ:www.manzilmedia.com/+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.manzilmedia.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://bushwatch.org/e-mail.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">News And Opinion</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Bombings: Hallmark of Al-Qaeda, Shahzad <b>Turkey</b> Bombings: The Enemy Within, Raman<br>Get Smart or Lose the <b>War</b> in Iraq,Xi <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> and <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b>, Singh Vietnam's <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://bushwatch.org/e-mail.htm">bushwatch.org/e-mail.htm</a> - 56k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:nJTDoMDvXuwJ:bushwatch.org/e-mail.htm+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:bushwatch.org\e-mail.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.blogrunner.com/snapshot/B/3/6/00144863.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">BlogRunner</font></a><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs <b>Turkey</b>: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' During the current<br>debate, the Balkan chapter of the 1990s and the US and European role in the <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.blogrunner.com/snapshot/B/3/6/00144863.html">www.blogrunner.com/snapshot/B/3/6/00144863.html</a> - 14k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:LA0rc5XBk1UJ:www.blogrunner.com/snapshot/B/3/6/00144863.html+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.blogrunner.com\snapshot\B\3\6\00144863.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.electricedge.com/greymatter/archives/00004325.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Gordon Coale Weblog Entry - 11/23/2003</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sunday November 23 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">12: 43 AM</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'.<br> During 1992-95, the Pentagon helped with the movement of thousands <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.electricedge.com/greymatter/archives/00004325.htm">www.electricedge.com/greymatter/archives/00004325.htm</a> - 5k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Ne2pk8ZSxf8J:www.electricedge.com/greymatter/archives/00004325.htm+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.electricedge.com\greymatter\archives\00004325.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.muhajabah.com/islamicblog/avantgo/index.php?blog_id=1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs: AvantGo</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs. Three blogs for the price of one! Title,<br>Date. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>', 2003-11-23 </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">13:42:26</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.muhajabah.com/islamicblog/">www.muhajabah.com/islamicblog/</a> avantgo/index.php?blog_id=1 - 5k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:nRPaaWzs0EoJ:www.muhajabah.com/islamicblog/avantgo/index.php%3Fblog_id%3D1+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.muhajabah.com\islamicblog\avantgo\index.php%3Fblog_id%3D1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.iviews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Iviews.com</font></a><br><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Home | Discussion | News | Articles | Cartoons | Shop. Join iViews mailing<br> list. Name: Email Address: and get the following: iViews Weekly Report. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.iviews.com/">www.iviews.com/</a> - 29k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:eZ7yXsMrm2gJ:www.iviews.com/+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.iviews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bushwhackedusa.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">BushWhackedUSA: Bush Lies and Other World News<BR></font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Turkey: 'Sow War and Reap Terror' Sow war and reap terror - A banner in a February<br> peace march in Paris By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> Asia Times, 22 November 2003 EXCERPT <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bushwhackedusa.com/">www.bushwhackedusa.com/</a> - 77k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:LCfwXm3tFosJ:www.bushwhackedusa.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bushwhackedusa.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.salaam.co.uk/news/index.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Salaam - News</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 13371 searchable items. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Sat 22 November 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 27 Ramadaan 1424 AH. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">:<br> '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Friday 21st November 2003</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> United <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.salaam.co.uk/news/index.php">www.salaam.co.uk/news/index.php</a> - 21k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:0cT0Sq--EeUJ:www.salaam.co.uk/news/index.php+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.salaam.co.uk\news\index.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://seablogs.hellbent.org/build.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Seattle Weblogs</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Posted at Eclecticism | </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 23, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">3:00 PM.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b><br> <b>terror</b>' Posted at Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs | </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 23, 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">2:00 PM.</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://seablogs.hellbent.org/build.shtml">seablogs.hellbent.org/build.shtml</a> - 94k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:esRF_PgWPiMJ:seablogs.hellbent.org/build.shtml+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:seablogs.hellbent.org\build.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://absitinvidia.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Absit Invidia</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> the Serbs. One of the most disturbing paragraph's in this article by<br> <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> in today's Asia Times follows: The Pentagon's <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://absitinvidia.com/">absitinvidia.com/</a> - 82k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">22 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:L_Hkz3K5a3YJ:absitinvidia.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:absitinvidia.com\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.tippusultan.net/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Tippusultan - A News portal for Indian Muslims</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Indian MuslimsAnonymous writes: "As-selamu aleykum ve rahmetullahi ve<br> berekatuhu, Dear brothers and sisters, im from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul-</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">TURKEY</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.tippusultan.net/">www.tippusultan.net/</a> - 38k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:Zsb9aYaotOQJ:www.tippusultan.net/+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.tippusultan.net\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Trinicenter.com - World News</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Or was there no mind to change? ¤ </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: The enemy within ¤ </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b><br> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' ¤ US reorganizes its military might ¤ Bush opens the door <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml">www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml</a> - 62k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">22 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:kGPnob_L-hMJ:www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.trinicenter.com\world\world.shtml"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Greengo.de - Online-Presseschau - Alle wichtigen News auf einen <b>...</b> </font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">- [ </font><a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTurkey%2522Sow%2Bwar%2Band%2Breap%2Bterror%2522%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Translate this page</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></span><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> s Worth; Global Eye; 2 British Buildings Bombed in <b>Turkey</b>; GDP Forecast <b>...</b> The enemy<br> within; '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'; Japan, Korea are new terror fronts; Get smart<br>or <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/">www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/</a> - 50k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:vrpSo-1l9IYJ:www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bewusst-besser-leben.de\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/k-howarddean/browse"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">News/Activism by keyword HOWARDDEAN</font></a><br><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Dean used back condition to get out of draft in 1970;now admits that<br> he was not eager to serve. Posted by Pikamax On 11/21/2003 6 <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/k-howarddean/browse">209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/k-howarddean/browse</a> - 51k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:i2AIyeA5jDQJ:209.157.64.200/focus/f-news/k-howarddean/browse+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:209.157.64.200\focus\f-news\k-howarddean\browse"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">[ </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=+site:209.157.64.200+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">More results from 209.157.64.200</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/eds10.rdf"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> <rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=" <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Hindustan Times [Delhi]: [Opinion] <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b>, <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b> <link>http <b>...</b> Herald [Seoul]:<br> [Editorial]High <b>terror</b> alert <link <b>...</b> Kuala Lumpur]: Editorial: <b>Turkey</b>'s time <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.shaps.hawaii.edu/eds10.rdf">www.shaps.hawaii.edu/eds10.rdf</a> - 37k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Pfc2jj7U0NgJ:www.shaps.hawaii.edu/eds10.rdf+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.shaps.hawaii.edu\eds10.rdf"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar page</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.faithfreedom.org/newspage.php3"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Blasts kill 27, injure 400 at British sites in <b>Turkey</b> Boston Globe, MA (November <b>...</b> <br> <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> <b>and</b> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b> ' Asia Times Online, Hong Kong (November 21st, 2003). <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.faithfreedom.org/newspage.php3">www.faithfreedom.org/newspage.php3</a> - 41k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:oViSAsvfCLAJ:www.faithfreedom.org/newspage.php3+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.faithfreedom.org\newspage.php3"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.nzmuslim.net/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Islam and New Zealand Muslim community</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Iraq <b>War</b> Gallery. images/iraq/humanrights.jpg. 5 Newest Members. · 1: nesreen,<br> · 2: jaweria, · 3: sunna, · 4: zaina22, · 5: ziggy999, Members and Visitors. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.nzmuslim.net/">www.nzmuslim.net/</a> - 69k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:aggYu5HI4s4J:www.nzmuslim.net/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.nzmuslim.net\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">IndyMedia Center - news</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b> by K Gajendra <b>...</b> and coinciding with President Bush's visit to<br> London.The dangers to European security inherent in <b>Turkey</b> joining the <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html">indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html</a> - 24k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:7f-IACiasIkJ:indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:indymedia.org.il\imc\webcast\73050.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www2b.abc.net.au/news/forum/newsonline4/archives/archive16.shtm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">ABC Online Forum</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">USA</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> in WMD Attack UglyRoadKill The <b>war</b> on <b>terror</b> is unwinnable fredm We <b>reap</b> what<br> we <b>sow</b>.... <b>...</b> Jive </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Death Sentence Exeter The love of money is the <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www2b.abc.net.au/news/forum/newsonline4/">www2b.abc.net.au/news/forum/newsonline4/</a> archives/archive16.shtm - 18k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:ygz_tyIVUB4J:www2b.abc.net.au/news/forum/newsonline4/archives/archive16.shtm+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www2b.abc.net.au\news\forum\newsonline4\archives\archive16.shtm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bushwatch.com/e-mail.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">News And Opinion</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Bombings: Hallmark of Al-Qaeda, Shahzad <b>Turkey</b> Bombings: The Enemy Within, Raman<br> Get Smart or Lose the <b>War</b> in Iraq,Xi <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> and <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b>, Singh Vietnam's <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bushwatch.com/e-mail.htm">www.bushwatch.com/e-mail.htm</a> - 56k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:kFRc4WXgNEQJ:www.bushwatch.com/e-mail.htm+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bushwatch.com\e-mail.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Strike The Root - a journal of liberty</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> and <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b>. <b>...</b> Muslims and Serbs, a move that helped globalize the jihadi<br> movement, and that is now having ramifications in </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> ." Report by K <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/">www.strike-the-root.com/</a> - 78k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">23 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:RX7S-ac4vWEJ:www.strike-the-root.com/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.strike-the-root.com\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.islam.org/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">IslamiCity.com - Islam & The Global Muslim eCommunity</font></a><br><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Search IslamiCity: Search Scope: <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.islam.org/">www.islam.org/</a> - 69k - 22 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:_yH1Is8gjxYJ:www.islam.org/+Turkey%22Sow+war+and+reap+terror%22&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.islam.org\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3?brief_id=8267"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Neo Conservatives - News and Latest Information</font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> .. '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' 22 Nov 2003 06:56 GMT <b>...</b> in an effort to prove there were<br> pre-<b>war</b> ties between <b>...</b> <b>Turkey</b>: The enemy within 22 Nov 2003 06:56 GMT ... <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3?brief_id=8267">www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3?brief_id=8267</a> - 53k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Q6vylLCS3hUJ:www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3%3Fbrief_id%3D8267+Turkey:+Sow+war+and+reap+terror+&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.inboxrobot.com\newsletter.php3%3Fbrief_id%3D8267"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.newsmakingnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">NewsMakingNews Secret Connections Covert Operations Truth</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>TERROR</b> IN </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">TURKEY</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Hallmarks of an al-Qaeda attack More: The enemy within More: Al<br> Qaeda's Turkish Knife Hangs over Europe Click. <b>...</b> <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.newsmakingnews.com/">www.newsmakingnews.com/</a> - 101k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:RnlutZf1ZdIJ:www.newsmakingnews.com/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.newsmakingnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Greengo.de - Online-Presseschau - Alle wichtigen News auf einen <b>...</b> </font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">- [ </font><a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/&prev=/search%3Fq%3DTurkey,Sow%2Bwar%2Band%2Breap%2Bterror%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Translate this page</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></span><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> The enemy within; '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'; Japan, Korea are new <b>terror</b> fronts;<br> Get smart or lose the <b>war</b>; <b>...</b> Japanese Story' scoops AFIs; <b>Turkey</b> confirms arrests <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/">www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/</a> - 50k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:vrpSo-1l9IYJ:www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bewusst-besser-leben.de\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://natsci.eckerd.edu/~smithcj/reap_what_you_sow.html"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>reap</b> what you <b>sow</b></font></font></font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"><a href="http://natsci.eckerd.edu/~smithcj/reap_what_you_sow.html">natsci.eckerd.edu/~smithcj/reap_what_you_sow.html</a> - 9k - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:bEVEpi4JoFkJ:natsci.eckerd.edu/%7Esmithcj/reap_what_you_sow.html+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:natsci.eckerd.edu\%7Esmithcj\reap_what_you_sow.html"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.theconversationalist.org/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">THE CONVERSATIONALIST links to news, culture, debate</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Bush, Blair Say </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Iraq</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>War</b> Is Not Cause of Attacks. '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b><br> <b>terror</b>'. A Bad Day in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. <b>...</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> blast claimed by al-Qaeda. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.theconversationalist.org/">www.theconversationalist.org/</a> - 101k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:ZTC8--49kSYJ:www.theconversationalist.org/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.theconversationalist.org\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.rense.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Jeff Rense Program - on Nationwide Radio And Internet</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> End The Silence. '<b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> And <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b>'. <b>...</b> A Letter To NASA's O'Keefe. Microwave<br> Weapons Being Used In The <b>War</b> Zones? <b>...</b> Is </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Behind The Bombing In </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">? <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.rense.com/">www.rense.com/</a> - 101k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:iVgVlXUczvAJ:www.rense.com/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.rense.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.uscrusade.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">USCRUSADE.COM</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' Barking up the Wrong Bush Instead of Focusing<br> on Al Qaeda and the Carnage in Places like <b>Turkey</b>, US Resources are Being <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.uscrusade.com/">www.uscrusade.com/</a> - 43k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:wVww__QZbXsJ:www.uscrusade.com/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.uscrusade.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.handystart.com/webnews/news.php?channel=Society&feed=US+security+news"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">HandyStart Webnews</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' Asia Times Online - (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 21 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">8:32AM</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">). Al Qaida -<br> A Campaign of <b>Terror</b> Scotsman Online - (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 21 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">8:15AM</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">). </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">, closely <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.handystart.com/webnews/">www.handystart.com/webnews/</a> news.php?channel=Society&feed=US+security+news - 20k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:3_ReueEr3uQJ:www.handystart.com/webnews/news.php%3Fchannel%3DSociety%26feed%3DUS%2Bsecurity%2Bnews+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.handystart.com\webnews\news.php%3Fchannel%3DSociety%26feed%3DUS%2Bsecurity%2Bnews"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.indiacause.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">India News, Indian News for the Global Indian</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> saloo..... </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: `<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>` Asia Times <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and<br> <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b> - A banner in a February peace march in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Paris</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. Many <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.indiacause.com/">www.indiacause.com/</a> - 39k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">23 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:dYxjiFkcwOsJ:www.indiacause.com/+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.indiacause.com\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.w3os.nl/logos/index.php"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">log os :: Weblog of Oskar van Rijswijk</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'. An interesting analysis by K. Gajendra<br> Singh, Indian ambassador (retired), who served as ambassador <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.w3os.nl/logos/index.php">www.w3os.nl/logos/index.php</a> - 27k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">23 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:CaoByfdXR7MJ:www.w3os.nl/logos/index.php+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.w3os.nl\logos\index.php"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.monkey.org/~jose/news/aggregated.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">recent news headlines</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Istanbul was to drive a wedge between the US and <b>Turkey</b>, it is <b>...</b> National Japan, Korea<br> are new <b>terror</b> fronts Asia Times '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' Asia Times. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.monkey.org/~jose/news/aggregated.html">www.monkey.org/~jose/news/aggregated.html</a> - 101k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:kYUcAVtzylkJ:www.monkey.org/%7Ejose/news/aggregated.html+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.monkey.org\%7Ejose\news\aggregated.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.newsisfree.com/sources/browse/?cat=141"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">NewsIsFree: Weblogs EL</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Turkey</b>: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>' An interesting analysis by K. Gajendra Singh,<br> Indian ambassador (retired), who served as ambassador to <b>Turkey</b> from August <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.newsisfree.com/sources/browse/?cat=141">www.newsisfree.com/sources/browse/?cat=141</a> - </span></font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.newsisfree.com\sources\browse\%3Fcat%3D141"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.libertyforum.org/postlist.php?Cat=3&Board=news_news"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Viewing a list of posts - Forums powered by Reason and Principle</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>', BlackJade, 29, 6, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11/22/03</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 05:17 AM. It's not<br> anti-Americanism, it's anti-Republicanism, Unknown_Virus, 13, 0, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11/22/03</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> 04:24<br>AM. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.libertyforum.org/">www.libertyforum.org/</a> postlist.php?Cat=3&Board=news_news - 36k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:wKwqvLni79AJ:www.libertyforum.org/postlist.php%3FCat%3D3%26Board%3Dnews_news+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.libertyforum.org\postlist.php%3FCat%3D3%26Board%3Dnews_news"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://feeds.blogstreet.com/12810.rss"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Dohiyi Mir - In Which NTodd Says His Peace</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Ever.<b>Turkey</b> Arrests Suicide Bombing Suspects.ntoddPS--Yes <b>...</b> html#106945102201127471<br> Kudzu ReduxATimes - &apos;<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>...</b> to help Feanor go to <b>war</b>, in The <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://feeds.blogstreet.com/12810.rss">feeds.blogstreet.com/12810.rss</a> - 21k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:LG27Uqga8XkJ:feeds.blogstreet.com/12810.rss+Turkey,Sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:feeds.blogstreet.com\12810.rss"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.rootblog.com/Archive/2003/10/31/18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Web Blog Directory - Root Blog - Aggregating the PoweR of Blogs!</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'. <a href="http://w3os.nl">w3os.nl</a> 12 hours ago: An interesting analysis<br> by <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, Indian ambassador (retired), who served as ambassador to <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.rootblog.com/Archive/2003/10/31/18">www.rootblog.com/Archive/2003/10/31/18</a> - 58k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:hQP9kUTEZ-wJ:www.rootblog.com/Archive/2003/10/31/18+k.gajendra+singh+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.rootblog.com\Archive\2003\10\31\18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?emx=x&pid=1086"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">TomDispatch</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> just as a sideline issue, the former Indian ambassador to <b>Turkey</b>, <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>,<br> in a <b>...</b> Let me quote just part of this important piece ("<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/">www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/</a> index.mhtml?emx=x&pid=1086 - 38k - 28 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:VmFUGQBoeeoJ:www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml%3Femx%3Dx%26pid%3D1086+k.gajendra+singh+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.nationinstitute.org\tomdispatch\index.mhtml%3Femx%3Dx%26pid%3D1086"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bradynet.com/bbs/em/100040-3879.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">The Color of the Market</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> week end? </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11-22-03</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> amigo latino: <</span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">: '<b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b>'<br> By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> <a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle.">http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle.</a>.. >. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bradynet.com/bbs/em/100040-3879.html">www.bradynet.com/bbs/em/100040-3879.html</a> - 53k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:aVe-x4GIVSUJ:www.bradynet.com/bbs/em/100040-3879.html+k.gajendra+singh+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bradynet.com\bbs\em\100040-3879.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.alister.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">perspective</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> article, in the Asia Times, by <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, former Indian <b>...</b> that the appalling<br> bombings in <b>Turkey</b> may have <b>...</b> <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> and <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b>: "During 1992-95, the <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.alister.blogspot.com/">www.alister.blogspot.com/</a> - 31k - 28 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:7isA4eY8L6oJ:www.alister.blogspot.com/+k.gajendra+singh+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.alister.blogspot.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.saltspringnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Salt Spring News :: Daily News Of and For Salt Spring Island, <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> All of these pointers are present in the </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> attacks. <b>Sow</b> <b>war</b> and <b>reap</b> <b>terror</b><br> <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> Asia Times United States support for the mujahideen in the <b>...</b> <br><span class="f">Description:</span> News, entertainment, classifieds <b>and</b> information for <b>and</b> about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Salt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Spring</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Island</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>and</b> the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Gulf</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Islands</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...<br> <span class="f">Category: </span></font><a href="http://directory.google.com/Top/News/Newspapers/Regional/Canada/British_Columbia/?il=1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">News > Newspapers > Regional > Canada > British Columbia</font></a><br> <span style="COLOR: green"><font face="Times New Roman"><a href="http://www.saltspringnews.com/">www.saltspringnews.com/</a> - 101k - </font></span><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:ZKBIJ8fwDkEJ:www.saltspringnews.com/+k.gajendra+singh+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.saltspringnews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://edstrong.blog-city.com/read/361017.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">edstrong.blog-city.com America 'Created' al-Qaeda</font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Sow</b> <b>War</b> and <b>Reap</b> <b>Terror</b> - A banner in a February <b>...</b> of July 1995, entitled "Intelligence<br> and the <b>War</b> in Bosnia <b>...</b> by "clandestine agencies" of the US, <b>Turkey</b> and Iran <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://edstrong.blog-city.com/read/361017.htm">edstrong.blog-city.com/read/361017.htm</a> - 101k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Q9UPjU0s5YQJ:edstrong.blog-city.com/read/361017.htm+++Turkey:+sow+war+and+reap+terror&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:edstrong.blog-city.com\read\361017.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Istanbul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">attacks</span> and <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">hidden</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">agendas</span> </span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.asiatimes.ru/atimes/Middle_East.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Asia Times - The Middle East</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Jim Lobe (Nov 17, '03) <b>Istanbul</b> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> The deadly <b>attacks</b> on<br> Jewish houses of worship in Turkey belie the good relations that the country <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.asiatimes.ru/atimes/Middle_East.html">www.asiatimes.ru/atimes/Middle_East.html</a> - 37k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:XhqqOrCKSIkJ:www.asiatimes.ru/atimes/Middle_East.html+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.asiatimes.ru\atimes\Middle_East.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/headlines.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">NEWS YOU WONT FIND ON CNN</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Istanbul</b> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>: Claiming a failure of intelligence, the military<br> will most likely now try to get back some of the powers it has enjoyed <b>...</b> <br></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; mso-ansi-language: DE"><a href="http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/headlines.htm">www.informationclearinghouse.info/headlines.htm</a> - 46k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:EgQfrSkmCxwJ:www.informationclearinghouse.info/headlines.htm+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.informationclearinghouse.info\headlines.htm"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://israpundit.com/archives/004548.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Israpundit: BLAMING ISRAEL FOR ISTANBUL</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Why do we exclude Turkish Jews as perpetrators?"*. (4) <b>K</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Gajendra</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Singh</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">India</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">'s<br> former ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">, writes in the Asian Times: "Many Turkish experts <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://israpundit.com/archives/004548.html">israpundit.com/archives/004548.html</a> - 13k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:ZNP0oCzHahMJ:israpundit.com/archives/004548.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:israpundit.com\archives\004548.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bushnews.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">News And Opinion</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> New US Fury in Iraq Misses the Mark, Lobe Finding New Puppets in Iraq, Docena <b>Istanbul</b><br> <b>Attacks</b> and <b>Hidden</b> <b>Agendas</b>,Singh Turkey Blasts: Real Suspects Silent <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bushnews.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm">www.bushnews.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm</a> - 57k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:CIHt4I1f8UQJ:www.bushnews.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm+Istanbul+attacks+and+Hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bushnews.com\archive2003\e-mail-20031118.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://groong.usc.edu/news/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">ANN/Groong -- Armenian News Index</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Istanbul</b> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>; Archbishop of Canterbury visits <b>Istanbul</b>;<br> MP Assadourian Hosts Community Leaders at Liberal Leadership Conve; <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://groong.usc.edu/news/">groong.usc.edu/news/</a> - 50k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:EEg0SJJEb5wJ:groong.usc.edu/news/+Istanbul+attacks+and+Hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:groong.usc.edu\news\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">1. "Hostage drama as Kurdish rebel supporters storm <b>Istanbul</b> <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> 5. "<b>Istanbul</b> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>", the two synagogues attacked in <b>Istanbul</b><br> on November 15 in which at least 23 people died are located in the center of <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18">www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18</a> - 45k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:JzkOu9xWrfwJ:www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18+Istanbul+attacks+and+Hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.flash-bulletin.de\2003\eNovember18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.walterspence.myknet.org/Daily%20Reads/Honest%20Reporting%20-%20Current.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">BLAMING ISRAEL FOR ISTANBUL</font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> (4) <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, India's former ambassador to Turkey, writes in the Asian<br> Times: "Many Turkish experts suspect that the twin bombings were a warning to <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.walterspence.myknet.org/Daily%20Reads/">www.walterspence.myknet.org/Daily%20Reads/</a> Honest%20Reporting%20-%20Current.html - 11k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:P9ngxjHVziQJ:www.walterspence.myknet.org/Daily%2520Reads/Honest%2520Reporting%2520-%2520Current.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.walterspence.myknet.org\Daily%2520Reads\Honest%2520Reporting%2520-%2520Current.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://ca.fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/Canada/Israel/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Yahoo! News Full Coverage-Israel</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> , Israeli Army Engaged in Fight Over Its Soul - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Washington</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Post (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 18, 2003</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">).<br> -, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> - Asia Times Online (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 17, 2003</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">). <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://ca.fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/Canada/Israel/">ca.fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/Canada/Israel/</a> - 19k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:Fu721bG4TZcJ:ca.fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/Canada/Israel/+Istanbul+attacks+and+Hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:ca.fullcoverage.yahoo.com\fc\Canada\Israel\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.network54.com/Hide/Forum/178855?it=1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Armenian Reporter`s Notebook</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> You are not logged in - Login - Create Account, Post now! Message Title, Author,<br> Replies, Last Post. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>, Newsian, -, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 18, 2003</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.network54.com/Hide/Forum/178855?it=1">www.network54.com/Hide/Forum/178855?it=1</a> - 43k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:D16SUw1Ii4AJ:www.network54.com/Hide/Forum/178855%3Fit%3D1+Istanbul+attacks+and+Hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.network54.com\Hide\Forum\178855%3Fit%3D1"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~kalliste/archive68.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Article Archive from The Homepage of J. Orlin Grabbe</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> The Neocons Are Losing. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Blasts: Real Suspects Silent. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b>Attacks</b> and <b>Hidden</b> <b>Agendas</b>. </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Saudi Arabia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Does Not Need </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Israel</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'s Help. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~kalliste/archive68.htm">www.xs4all.nl/~kalliste/archive68.htm</a> - 32k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:vaFdFWoH5eUJ:www.xs4all.nl/%7Ekalliste/archive68.htm+Istanbul+attacks+and+Hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.xs4all.nl\%7Ekalliste\archive68.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://zioneocon.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Boker Tov, Boulder!</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Why do we exclude Turkish Jews as perpetrators?"* (4) <b>K</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Gajendra</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Singh</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">India</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">'s<br> former ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">, writes in the Asian Times: "Many Turkish experts <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://zioneocon.blogspot.com/">zioneocon.blogspot.com/</a> - 101k - 23 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.57.104/search?q=cache:nIy6OEsrud4J:zioneocon.blogspot.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:zioneocon.blogspot.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bushreport.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">News And Opinion</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> politics, just politicians, monbiot Synagogue <b>bombings</b> highlight dangers <b>...</b> New Puppets<br> in Iraq, Docena <b>Istanbul</b> Attacks and <b>Hidden</b> <b>Agendas</b>,Singh Turkey <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bushreport.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm">www.bushreport.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm</a> - 57k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:xI8frW6tS7gJ:www.bushreport.com/archive2003/e-mail-20031118.htm+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bushreport.com\archive2003\e-mail-20031118.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Strike The Root - a journal of liberty</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Bosnian Muslims and Serbs, a move that helped globalize the jihadi movement, and<br> that is now having ramifications in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> ." Report by <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.strike-the-root.com/">www.strike-the-root.com/</a> - 78k - 24 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.37.104/search?q=cache:RX7S-ac4vWEJ:www.strike-the-root.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.strike-the-root.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Salon.com | The world press on the Istanbul Jews</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> years ago, at the cost of 22 lives. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Hong Kong</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> in the<br> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Asia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Times. Many Turkish experts suspect that the twin bombings <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/">www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/</a> - 45k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">24 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.37.104/search?q=cache:BvGfrbEmBGYJ:www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.salon.com\opinion\world_press\2003\11\18\turkey\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">IndyMedia Center - news</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> results. <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, Indian ambassador (retired), served as<br> ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> from August 1992 to April 1996. Prior to <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html">indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html</a> - 24k - 24 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.37.104/search?q=cache:7f-IACiasIkJ:indymedia.org.il/imc/webcast/73050.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:indymedia.org.il\imc\webcast\73050.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/critiques/Blaming_Israel_for_Istanbul.asp"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Blaming Israel for Istanbul</font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Why do we exclude Turkish Jews as perpetrators?"* (4) <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, India's<br> former ambassador to Turkey, writes in the Asian Times: "Many Turkish experts <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.honestreporting.com/articles/critiques/">www.honestreporting.com/articles/critiques/</a> Blaming_Israel_for_Istanbul.asp - 34k - 24 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.37.104/search?q=cache:l0yyy3jOIbUJ:www.honestreporting.com/articles/critiques/Blaming_Israel_for_Istanbul.asp+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.honestreporting.com\articles\critiques\Blaming_Israel_for_Istanbul.asp"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.positiveuniverse.com/PeaceandJustice/EqualityintheMiddleEast.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">PosU | Peace and Justice | Equality in the Middle East</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> price of friendship </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11/17/03</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Times Online, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Hong Kong</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> attacks and <b>hidden</b><br> <b>agendas</b> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">11/17/03</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. Daily </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Star</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Lebanon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>bombings</b> spark widespread <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.positiveuniverse.com/PeaceandJustice/">www.positiveuniverse.com/PeaceandJustice/</a> EqualityintheMiddleEast.html - 65k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:eBpj3RmLLUcJ:www.positiveuniverse.com/PeaceandJustice/EqualityintheMiddleEast.html+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.positiveuniverse.com\PeaceandJustice\EqualityintheMiddleEast.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/news/dailymojo/2003/11/we_606_03c.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Warning Sign</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, writing in Asia Times, points out that many see the attacks<br> as a warning sign for </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> not to get too close to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">US</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.motherjones.com/news/dailymojo/">www.motherjones.com/news/dailymojo/</a> 2003/11/we_606_03c.html - 35k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:CIPeiE5zfQwJ:www.motherjones.com/news/dailymojo/2003/11/we_606_03c.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.motherjones.com\news\dailymojo\2003\11\we_606_03c.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">1. "Hostage drama as Kurdish rebel supporters storm Istanbul <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">18 November 2003</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> / by <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>*. <b>...</b> <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, Indian ambassador<br> (retired), served as ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> from August 1992 to April 1996. <b>...</b> <br></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; mso-ansi-language: DE"><a href="http://www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18">www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18</a> - 45k - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:JzkOu9xWrfwJ:www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.flash-bulletin.de\2003\eNovember18"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></span></a></span></font><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><br> <font face="Times New Roman">[ </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=+site:www.flash-bulletin.de+k.gajendra+singh"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">More results from www.flash-bulletin.de</font></span></a></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> ]</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Greengo.de - Online-Presseschau - Alle wichtigen News auf einen <b>...</b> </font></span></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">- [ </font><a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/&prev=/search%3Fq%3DIstanbul%2Battacks%2Band%2Bhidden%2Bagendas%26start%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Translate this page</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></span><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> please stand up? </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> blasts:<br> Real suspects silent; Part 2: A new strategy; Asian markets: Enter <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/">www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/</a> - 49k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:vrpSo-1l9IYJ:www.bewusst-besser-leben.de/+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.bewusst-besser-leben.de\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://groong.usc.edu/news/msg77106.html"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman">ANN/Groong -- <b>Istanbul</b> attacks and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b></font></font></font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Istanbul</b> attacks and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> By K Gajendra Singh Asia <b>...</b> With violence now reaching<br> <b>Istanbul</b>, the chances are <b>...</b> experts suspect that the twin <b>bombings</b> were a <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://groong.usc.edu/news/msg77106.html">groong.usc.edu/news/msg77106.html</a> - 11k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:g_uSjlEtV30J:groong.usc.edu/news/msg77106.html+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:groong.usc.edu\news\msg77106.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Article Archive from The Homepage </font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Explosions Rock </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Bombings</b> Overshadow Bush Visit. <b>...</b> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> <font face="Times New Roman">Blasts: Real Suspects Silent. </font></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Istanbul</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Attacks and <b>Hidden</b> <b>Agendas</b>. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm">www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm</a> - 47k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:cEljQz4jB_EJ:www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.aci.net\kalliste\archive68.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="https://www.thehacktivist.com/cgi-bin/nph-groups.cgi/001010A/http/www.yahoo.com/s/39321"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Yahoo! News Full Coverage - World - Six Arrested for Turkey <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> , Synagogue <b>bombings</b> highlight dangers for close allies of US - The Guardian (UK).<br> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 18, 2003</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">). -, <b>Istanbul</b> attacks and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> - Asia Times Online <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="https://www.thehacktivist.com/cgi-bin/nph-groups.cgi/">https://www.thehacktivist.com/cgi-bin/nph-groups.cgi/</a> 001010A/http/<a href="http://www.yahoo.com/s/39321">www.yahoo.com/s/39321</a> - 37k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:kK3yCa7Uur0J:https://www.thehacktivist.com/cgi-bin/nph-groups.cgi/001010A/http/www.yahoo.com/s/39321+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:https:\www.thehacktivist.com\cgi-bin\nph-groups.cgi\001010A\http\www.yahoo.com\s\39321"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">1. "Hostage drama as Kurdish rebel supporters storm <b>Istanbul</b> <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> 5. "<b>Istanbul</b> attacks and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>", the two synagogues <b>...</b> by twin bomb attacks<br> on <b>Istanbul</b> synagogues on <b>...</b> the country following the <b>bombings</b>, which Turkish <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18">www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18</a> - 45k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:JzkOu9xWrfwJ:www.flash-bulletin.de/2003/eNovember18+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.flash-bulletin.de\2003\eNovember18"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2003-10/08/article01.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Islam Online- News Section</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Bush War On </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Iraq</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Driven By '<b>Hidden</b> <b>Agenda</b>': Gorbachev. "Bush made<br> a mistake by invading </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">," said Gorbachev. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">NEW YORK</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">, October <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/">www.islamonline.net/English/News/</a> 2003-10/08/article01.shtml - 58k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:fzHFR9rAKYgJ:www.islamonline.net/English/News/2003-10/08/article01.shtml+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.islamonline.net\English\News\2003-10\08\article01.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Article Archive from The Homepage of J. Orlin Grabbe</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Explosions Rock </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Bombings</b> Overshadow Bush Visit. <b>...</b> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> <font face="Times New Roman">Blasts: Real Suspects Silent. </font></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Istanbul</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Attacks and <b>Hidden</b> <b>Agendas</b>. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm">www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm</a> - 47k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:cEljQz4jB_EJ:www.aci.net/kalliste/archive68.htm+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.aci.net\kalliste\archive68.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Salon.com | The world press on the Istanbul Jews</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> years ago, at the cost of 22 lives. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Hong Kong</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> in the<br> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Asia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Times. Many Turkish experts suspect that the twin bombings <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/">www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/</a> - 46k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">25 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:BvGfrbEmBGYJ:www.salon.com/opinion/world_press/2003/11/18/turkey/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.salon.com\opinion\world_press\2003\11\18\turkey\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.naplespost.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">The Naples Post- America's Online News Source</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> warns </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> of new <b>attacks</b> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> will bear the responsibility Xinhua (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">China</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">): <b>...</b> BBC<br> News (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">UK</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">). </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> Bombings were a warning to <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.naplespost.com/">www.naplespost.com/</a> - 16k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:pgnZ1hV7AI8J:www.naplespost.com/+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.naplespost.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.monkey.org/~jose/news/aggregated.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">recent news headlines</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>attacks</b> Moreover - Reuters via Yahoo Clot-busters best for heart attack, if begun<br> soon Reuters Health eLine </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> Asia Times. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.monkey.org/~jose/news/aggregated.html">www.monkey.org/~jose/news/aggregated.html</a> - 101k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:kYUcAVtzylkJ:www.monkey.org/%7Ejose/news/aggregated.html+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.monkey.org\%7Ejose\news\aggregated.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.yahoo.com/s/39321"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Yahoo! News Full Coverage - World - Turkey Says It Has ' <b>...</b> </font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Feature Articles. -, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Asia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Times<br> Online (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Nov 17, 2003</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">). -, 'I ran to help. But there were arms <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.yahoo.com/s/39321">www.yahoo.com/s/39321</a> - 30k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">18 Nov 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:grdcvr2dyFUJ:www.yahoo.com/s/39321+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.yahoo.com\s\39321"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.orlingrabbe.com/homepage.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">The Home Page of J. Orlin Grabbe</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> The Neocons Are Losing. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Blasts: Real Suspects Silent. </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b>Attacks</b> and <b>Hidden</b> <b>Agendas</b>. </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Saudi Arabia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Does Not Need </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Israel</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'s Help. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.orlingrabbe.com/homepage.html">www.orlingrabbe.com/homepage.html</a> - 20k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:QGdBnBbdI9IJ:www.orlingrabbe.com/homepage.html+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.orlingrabbe.com\homepage.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.kiwiingenuity.org/smutraker/archives/001304.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">smutraker: <b><b>Istanbul</b> attacks and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b></b></font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> attacks and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b>. <b>...</b> With violence now reaching </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">, the chances<br> are even less. <b>...</b> Many Turkish experts suspect that the twin <b>bombings</b> were a <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.kiwiingenuity.org/smutraker/archives/001304.html">www.kiwiingenuity.org/smutraker/archives/001304.html</a> - 15k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:BFsv56thsc0J:www.kiwiingenuity.org/smutraker/archives/001304.html+Istanbul+bombings+and+hidden+Agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.kiwiingenuity.org\smutraker\archives\001304.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://desmoineswriter.blogspot.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">DesMoinesBlog</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> him?). </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>attacks</b> and <b>hidden</b> <b>agendas</b> By K Gajendra Singh A good<br> analysis by an ex-diplomat who was posted to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> in the 90s. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://desmoineswriter.blogspot.com/">desmoineswriter.blogspot.com/</a> - 15k - 18 Nov 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:Am562PJ9aKsJ:desmoineswriter.blogspot.com/+Istanbul+attacks+and+hidden+agendas&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:desmoineswriter.blogspot.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"></span></b></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.hvk.org/articles/1103/120.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Blaming Israel for Istanbul</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Why do we exclude Turkish Jews as perpetrators?"*. (4) <b>K</b> </span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Gajendra</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Singh</b></span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">,<br> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">India</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">'s former ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">, writes in the Asian Times: <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.hvk.org/articles/1103/120.html">www.hvk.org/articles/1103/120.html</a> - 9k - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:USTGGZR5kOIJ:www.hvk.org/articles/1103/120.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.hvk.org\articles\1103\120.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.thejewishpress.com/news_article.asp?article=3124"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">JewishPress.com > News > View Article</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Why do we exclude Turkish Jews as perpetrators?" 4) <b>K</b> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Gajendra</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Singh</b></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">India</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">'s<br> former ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, writes in the Asian Times: "Many Turkish <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.thejewishpress.com/news_article.asp?article=3124">www.thejewishpress.com/news_article.asp?article=3124</a> - 35k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">5 Dec 2003</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:OkVhkEO7hAoJ:www.thejewishpress.com/news_article.asp%3Farticle%3D3124+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.thejewishpress.com\news_article.asp%3Farticle%3D3124"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> <h1 style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 12pt 0in 3pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; tab-stops: 130.5pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></h1> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-67849095395637449202010-01-03T06:34:00.001-08:002010-01-03T06:34:21.080-08:00Webs-Occupation case studies: Algeria,Turkey<p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">Occupation</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">case</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">studies</span>: </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Algeria</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">,</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Turkey</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3">Asia Times</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Siddharth Srivastava Calls for confidence and trust <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b>,<br> <b>Turkey</b> While Vietnam's example and its people's fight for freedom has <b>...</b> <br></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; mso-ansi-language: DE"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/">www.atimes.com/</a> - 84k - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:Oi1IREPCVToJ:www.atimes.com\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.atimes.com\"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></span></a></span></font><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><br> <font face="Times New Roman">[ </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=+site:www.atimes.com+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Meer resultaten van www.atimes.com</font></span></a></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> ]</span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Algeria/fromtheeconomist.cfm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Economist.com | Country Briefings: Algeria</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">21:02 GMT</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algerias</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> industrial production down 2.9 percent in 3Q 2003 (Mena Report)<br> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Jan 6th 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">15:53 GMT</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> (Asia Times <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Algeria/">www.economist.com/countries/Algeria/</a> fromtheeconomist.cfm - </span></font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.economist.com\countries\Algeria\fromtheeconomist.cfm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/379/11479_cholesterol.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">The Perfect Diet - PRAVDA.Ru</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Joseph E. Mulligan, SJ (0) •The Myth of the Populist Stock Market by David Callahan<br> (0) •<b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b> and <b>Turkey</b> By K Gajendra Singh (3 <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/">english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/</a> 379/11479_cholesterol.html - 37k - 8 Jan 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:u9j_7VhirL8J:english.pravda.ru/science/19/94/379/11479_cholesterol.html+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:english.pravda.ru\science\19\94\379\11479_cholesterol.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/World/Turkey/"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman">Yahoo! News Full Coverage - World - <b>Turkey</b></font></font></font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Dec 2, 2003). more. Feature Articles. -, <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><br> <font face="Times New Roman">and </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> - Asia Times Online (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Jan 6, 2004</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">). -, Choirs of the <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/World/Turkey/">fullcoverage.yahoo.com/fc/World/Turkey/</a> - 27k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">7 jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:iNCpyzHCg8wJ:fullcoverage.yahoo.com\fc\World\Turkey\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:fullcoverage.yahoo.com\fc\World\Turkey\"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.russiatimes.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Russia Times</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Occupation case studies Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We studied history at<br> school that taught us to say freedom or death. I think ... </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Tue 6 Jan 2004</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.russiatimes.com/">www.russiatimes.com/</a> - 94k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">8 Jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:NHJxpK-LpxUJ:www.russiatimes.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.russiatimes.com\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.insideturkey.com/"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Turkey</b> news from InsideMIddleEast</font></font></font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> 6, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">09:48 pm GMT</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">; <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Atimes.com<br> - Tue Jan 6, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">08:39 pm GMT</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">; Assad: Relationship Between Syria <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.insideturkey.com/">www.insideturkey.com/</a> - 44k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:kSJqpsni_nkJ:www.insideturkey.com\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.insideturkey.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.insidemiddleeast.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Middle East news from InsideMIddleEast</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> differences; <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">; Assad: Relationship<br> Between Syria, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Evolving to One of Trust. UAE. Oxy <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.insidemiddleeast.com/">www.insidemiddleeast.com/</a> - 50k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:Om0zP9oqIS0J:www.insidemiddleeast.com\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.insidemiddleeast.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.insidealgeria.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Algeria</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Welcome to InsideAlgeria. Latest Stories. <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>:<br> </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Atimes.com - Tue Jan 6, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">08:39 pm GMT</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">; </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.insidealgeria.com/">www.insidealgeria.com/</a> - 42k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:sPGXp0ilUM0J:www.insidealgeria.com\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.insidealgeria.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://groong.usc.edu/news/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">ANN/Groong -- Armenian News Index</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Brothers in adversity; <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b> and <b>Turkey</b>;<br> Halliburton's Lesar Snared by Cheney Accounting Woes; Georgia ready <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://groong.usc.edu/news/">groong.usc.edu/news/</a> - 24k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:EEg0SJJEb5wJ:groong.usc.edu\news\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:groong.usc.edu\news\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://southeastasianews.net/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">South East Asia News.Net</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">India</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> reinforces Burmese border BBC. At the shrine: Koizumi's dangerous<br> game Asia Times. <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Asia Times. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://southeastasianews.net/">southeastasianews.net/</a> - 56k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:36gn4iMlIxUJ:southeastasianews.net\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:southeastasianews.net\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.reductioadabsurdum.net/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Reductio Ad Absurdum</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">01/07/04</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. <b>Occupation</b> <b>Case</b> <b>Studies</b> Comparing </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Vietnam</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> is not quite<br> right. Try </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> or </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> (Gajendra Singh, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Times). </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">01/06/04</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.reductioadabsurdum.net/">www.reductioadabsurdum.net/</a> - 15k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:zyMbQIL7cp0J:www.reductioadabsurdum.net/+Occupation+case+studies+%3BAlgeria,Turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.reductioadabsurdum.net\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Trinicenter.com - World News</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> weapons ¤ There's no partner for Syria ¤ Pakistani experts helped Libya with nuclear<br> weapons ¤ <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b> and <b>Turkey</b> ¤ Saddam Hussein <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml">www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml</a> - 62k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:kGPnob_L-hMJ:www.trinicenter.com/world/world.shtml+Occupation+case+studies+%3BAlgeria,Turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.trinicenter.com\world\world.shtml"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.uruguayeconomia.com/s/mediterraneanreview/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Mediterranean Review</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story Occupation case studies By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We studied<br> history at school that taught us to say freedom or death. I <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.uruguayeconomia.com/s/mediterraneanreview/">www.uruguayeconomia.com/s/mediterraneanreview/</a> - 93k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:4rdN44zkX64J:www.uruguayeconomia.com/s/mediterraneanreview/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.uruguayeconomia.com\s\mediterraneanreview\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.sarawaknews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Sabah_OLD</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> and UBS ... Full Story Occupation case studies By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We<br> studied history at school that taught us to say freedom or death. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.sarawaknews.com/">www.sarawaknews.com/</a> - 101k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:Vi7QIQWvdQcJ:www.sarawaknews.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.sarawaknews.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.easteuropetimes.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">East Europe Times</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Occupation case studies Asia Times By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We studied history at<br> school that taught us to say freedom or death. I think ... </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Tue 6 Jan 2004</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.easteuropetimes.com/">www.easteuropetimes.com/</a> - 101k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:ddqztAPqOl0J:www.easteuropetimes.com/+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.easteuropetimes.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.manager.co.th/asp-bin/default.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Manager Online</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Georgia: A small pawn in the Great Game. <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">.<br> Wave of violence shakes </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Thailand</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. </span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">ดัชนีตลาดหุ้น</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.manager.co.th/asp-bin/default.html">www.manager.co.th/asp-bin/default.html</a> - 101k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">7 jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:IeMOqGTxvsUJ:www.manager.co.th\asp-bin\default.html+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.manager.co.th\asp-bin\default.html"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.eaglesup.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Eaglesup</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> By K Gajendra Singh We studied<br> history at school that taught us to say freedom or death. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.eaglesup.com/">www.eaglesup.com/</a> - 60k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:DZVEeGGrF3wJ:www.eaglesup.com\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.eaglesup.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.newsmakingnews.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">NewsMakingNews Secret Connections Covert Operations Truth</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> El Al Pilots To Be Fingerprinted By US. <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">.<br> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> plans to launch military satellite. 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COLOR: green; mso-ansi-language: DE"><a href="http://www.goliberal.org/">www.goliberal.org/</a> - 55k - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:z1pCt3nVh5YJ:www.goliberal.org\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.goliberal.org\"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="w"><b><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">[DOC]</span></b></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font><a href="http://www.international.icomos.org/victoriafalls2003/worldheritageinafrica.doc"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">ALGERIA</font></span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #6f6f6f; mso-ansi-language: DE">Bestandsformaat:</span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> Microsoft Word 2000 - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:-L8lZsLON4sJ:www.international.icomos.org\victoriafalls2003\worldheritageinafrica.doc+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">HTML versie</font></span></a></span></font><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> // </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Herat</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> // </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Lahore</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> // </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Istanbul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> // </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Tunis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Tunisia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>...</b> of<br> historic monuments; landscaping of surroundings; <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>; </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.international.icomos.org/victoriafalls2003/">www.international.icomos.org/victoriafalls2003/</a> worldheritageinafrica.doc - </span></font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.international.icomos.org\victoriafalls2003\worldheritageinafrica.doc"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.insidecountryinfo.com/html/middle_east.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Middle East Country Information from InsideCountryInfo</font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> differences; <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">; 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Oxy <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.insidecountryinfo.com/html/middle_east.html">www.insidecountryinfo.com/html/middle_east.html</a> - 53k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:ubhIqV4tnLUJ:www.insidecountryinfo.com\html\middle_east.html+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.insidecountryinfo.com\html\middle_east.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.allamericangold.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">AllAmericanGold</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> By K Gajendra Singh We studied<br> history at school that taught us to say freedom or death. <b>...</b> <br></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green; mso-ansi-language: DE"><a href="http://www.allamericangold.com/">www.allamericangold.com/</a> - 79k - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:WTDkO1AXS-4J:www.allamericangold.com\+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.allamericangold.com\"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></span></a></span><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font size="3"> </font></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.thaiday.com/asp-bin/default.html"><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Manager Thaiday Online</font></span></a><span lang="DE" style="mso-ansi-language: DE"><br> </span><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE">...</span></b><span lang="DE" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: DE"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Georgia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">: A small pawn in the Great Game. <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">.<br> Wave of violence shakes </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Thailand</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. </span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma">ดัชนีตลาดหุ้น</span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.thaiday.com/asp-bin/default.html">www.thaiday.com/asp-bin/default.html</a> - 101k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">7 jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?q=cache:T08t_rNffxoJ:www.thaiday.com\asp-bin\default.html+occupation+case+studies:algeria,+turkey&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.thaiday.com\asp-bin\default.html"><font color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.algeriaradio.com/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Algeria Radio - live via internet!</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Full Story Occupation case studies By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We studied<br> history at school that taught us to say freedom or death. 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Occupation case studies By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We<br> studied history at school that taught us to say freedom or death. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.wn.com/s/arabpolitical/">www.wn.com/s/arabpolitical/</a> - 78k - </span></font><a href="file://search/?q=cache:mpk3AeQo40oJ:www.wn.com\s\arabpolitical\+k.gajendra+singh&hl=nl&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">In cache</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=nl&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.wn.com\s\arabpolitical\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Gelijkwaardige pagina's</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.wn.com/s/tunisiapost/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Tunisia Post</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Occupation case studies By <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> | "We studied history<br> at school that taught us to say freedom or death. 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Algerian<br> lawmakers call for Bouteflika to quit Middle-east-online.com - Mon Jan 5 <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.insidealgeria.com/">www.insidealgeria.com/</a> - 42k - 8 Jan 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:sPGXp0ilUM0J:www.insidealgeria.com/+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.insidealgeria.com\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.turkey.com/news/"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>Turkey</b> News</font></font></font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Occupation</b> <b>Case</b> <b>Studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b> and <b>Turkey</b> <a href="http://atimes.com">atimes.com</a> - 1:26 pm; Syrian president<br> makes landmark <b>Turkey</b> trip -- is the Middle East uniting against the Bush <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.turkey.com/news/">www.turkey.com/news/</a> - 29k - 8 Jan 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:qiVUPmu4BjAJ:www.turkey.com/news/+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.turkey.com\news\"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/argentina/newsfeed.php?nid=5342"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman">Argentina - Organization of American States (OAS) - News and <b>...</b></font></font></font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b>, <b>Turkey</b> 8 Jan 2004 07:10 GMT ... <b>...</b> <b>Occupation</b><br> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b> and <b>Turkey</b> 7 Jan 2004 07:12 GMT ... <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/argentina/newsfeed.php?nid=5342">www.einnews.com/argentina/newsfeed.php?nid=5342</a> - 63k - 8 Jan 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:4Xh0qAtSeh8J:www.einnews.com/argentina/newsfeed.php%3Fnid%3D5342+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.einnews.com\argentina\newsfeed.php%3Fnid%3D5342"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/honduras/newsfeed.php?nid=5342"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman">Honduras - Organization of American States (OAS) - News and Latest <b>...</b></font></font></font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> their stories. Please read the DISCLAIMER for more details. <b>Occupation</b><br> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">8 Jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">07:10 GMT</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> ... 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Consumer goods suddenly appear in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Zimbabwe</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> ... <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://zambianews.net/">zambianews.net/</a> - 51k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">8 Jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:R_u3Zsua9BYJ:zambianews.net/+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:zambianews.net\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://sudannews.net/"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Sudan News.Net</font></a><br><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">...</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Division of Wealth </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Smooths Way</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> for Lasting Peace IPS. <b>Occupation</b> <b>Case</b><br> <b>Studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> and </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Asia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> Times. Tooth for a Tooth IPS. <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://sudannews.net/">sudannews.net/</a> - 49k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">8 Jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:TNIC_goLOLsJ:sudannews.net/+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:sudannews.net\"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3?brief_id=9297"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Hollywood - News and Latest Information</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b>, <b>Turkey</b> 8 Jan 2004 07:10 GMT ... <b>...</b> Right now he's<br> ... <b>Occupation</b> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: <b>Algeria</b> and <b>Turkey</b> 7 Jan 2004 07:12 GMT ... <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3?brief_id=9297">www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3?brief_id=9297</a> - 52k - 8 Jan 2004 - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:1te9GKLObQsJ:www.inboxrobot.com/newsletter.php3%3Fbrief_id%3D9297+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.inboxrobot.com\newsletter.php3%3Fbrief_id%3D9297"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/haiti/newsfeed.php?nid=5342"><font size="3"><font color="#0000ff"><font face="Times New Roman">Haiti - Organization of American States (OAS) - News and Latest <b>...</b></font></font></font></a><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> their stories. Please read the DISCLAIMER for more details. <b>Occupation</b><br> <b>case</b> <b>studies</b>: </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Algeria</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">, </span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">8 Jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">07:10 GMT</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> ... Abbas <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.einnews.com/haiti/newsfeed.php?nid=5342">www.einnews.com/haiti/newsfeed.php?nid=5342</a> - 64k - </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green">9 Jan 2004</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: green"> - </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:puD1Adq0-lwJ:www.einnews.com/haiti/newsfeed.php%3Fnid%3D5342+Occupation+case+studies:algeria,turkey&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a> - <a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.einnews.com\haiti\newsfeed.php%3Fnid%3D5342"><font color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font size="3"> </font></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font><a href="http://www.e-turchia.com/PAG_SEI_4.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">TURCHIA OGGI: PAG4</font></a><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> - [ </font><a href="http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=it&u=http://www.e-turchia.com/PAG_SEI_4.htm&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dk.gajendra%2Bsingh%26start%3D70%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Translate this page</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> ]</font></span><br> <b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"> stabilize them. <b>K</b> <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>, Indian ambassador (retired), served<br> as ambassador to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt">Turkey</span></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> from August 1992 to April 1996. Prior to <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.e-turchia.com/PAG_SEI_4.htm">www.e-turchia.com/PAG_SEI_4.htm</a> - 62k - 21 Aug 2003 - </span></font><a href="http://216.239.41.104/search?q=cache:XEe1IuuEr-wJ:www.e-turchia.com/PAG_SEI_4.htm+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.e-turchia.com\PAG_SEI_4.htm"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://syninfo.com/ian/PRIVATE/2003/03/31/2003033108370339.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">syninfo.com/ian/PRIVATE/2003/03/31/2003033108370339.html</font></a><br> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:syninfo.com\ian\PRIVATE\2003\03\31\2003033108370339.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-24824634729299463582009-12-19T00:33:00.001-08:002009-12-19T00:33:06.872-08:00Merry Christmas and Happy New Year -Story of Santa Claus<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 10"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 10"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:Wingdings; panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-charset:2; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:0 268435456 0 0 -2147483648 0;} @font-face {font-family:"MS Mincho"; panose-1:2 2 6 9 4 2 5 8 3 4; mso-font-alt:"MS 明朝"; mso-font-charset:128; mso-generic-font-family:modern; mso-font-pitch:fixed; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1791491579 18 0 131231 0;} @font-face {font-family:SimSun; 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text-underline:single;} p {mso-margin-top-alt:auto; margin-right:0in; mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in .75in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} /* List Definitions */ @list l0 {mso-list-id:1571185124; mso-list-template-ids:1971865182;} @list l0:level1 {mso-level-number-format:bullet; mso-level-text:; mso-level-tab-stop:.5in; mso-level-number-position:left; text-indent:-.25in; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Symbol;} ol {margin-bottom:0in;} ul {margin-bottom:0in;} --> </style> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">FOUNDATION FOR INDO-TURKIC STUDIES<span style=""> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tel/Fax ; <b>43034706</b><span style=""> </span>Amb (Rtd) K Gajendra Singh<span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Emails; <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a><span style=""> </span>A-44 ,IFS Apartments </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">KGSingh@Yahoo.com<span style=""> </span>Mayur Vihar –Phase 1,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://tarafits-archives.blogspot.com/">http://tarafits.blogspot.com/</a><span style=""><span style=""> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Delhi</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> 91, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">19 December, 2009</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><i><span style="font-size: 20pt;">Wishing you and your family Merry Christmas* and <span style=""> </span>A very healthy, happy and prosperous New Year</span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">* In 1960s and 1970s when India became a popular haunt with Western Hippies looking for Charas ( Marijuana ) to be <i>mast</i> aka stoned , the greeting was changed to Merry <i>Charasmast</i> and Hippy New Year.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Below is a piece on Santa Claus and evolution of Christmas celebrations around the world .I tried to visit as many places as possible associated with Santa Claus , Christ and Mary supposedly buried in Turkey, then known as Asia Minor. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The piece was written for my grand daughter Tara Singh Breuer , now nine years and residing with her parents in their home overlooking </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Waterloo</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> fields in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Brussels</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DL25Ag02.html"><span style="font-weight: normal;">http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DL25Ag02.html</span></a></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black;"></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">"If one drives from the Turkish city of Fethiye to Antalya, littered with hotels and resorts for millions of tourists who throng its Mediterranean coast, which was known as Lycia in ancient times, after passing innumerable ancient ruins, one reaches the town of Demre, known as Myra in olden days. <br> <br> In the center of the town one will come across the </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Church</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> of </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">St Nicholas</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, the patron saint of children, sailors and the poor and one of the most popular saints in Christianity now associated with the celebration of Christmas. Many legends have been woven around Nicholas, who was the bishop of this church in the 4th century AD and where he died in 342. He was born in about 280 AD in the town of </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Patara</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, which the traveler would have passed about 100 kilometers earlier."</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Some of you might have read this piece before , so I have added some info about the origins of <span style=""> </span>the New Year celebrations, now almost universal and the greetings in local languages around the world . Basically , the celebrations began from crop harvesting season by our ancestors and the celebration of the life gifted by mother earth and the Sun , a dominant god in almost all ancient religions and cultures ,and both worshipped in various forms including the fertility cult by all early agricultural societies .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New Year Celebrations <span style=""> </span></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In countries using the Gregorian calendar , the New Year is usually celebrated on January 1. Although by tradition, the Roman calendar began from the first day of March but it was in January (the eleventh month) that the Consuls of ancient </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rome</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> assumed the government. Julius Caesar, in 47 BC, created the Julian calendar <span style=""> </span>It was modified in 44 BC at the time of Mark Antony, then by the emperor Augustus Caesar in 8BC .And finally by Pope Gregory XIII in 1585 , the current calendar which begins on January 1.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Subsequently, it acquired <span style=""> </span>a religious significance during the Middle Ages and in later centuries. Following the domination of the West and the dissemination of its system to the rest of the world during the twentieth century, January 1 celebrations have become almost universal, even in countries with their own hoary ancient New Year traditions and celebrations (e.g., </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">China</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> , </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> , Iran etc).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jamshedi Navroz: Celebration of Life - Jamshedi Navroz </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">One of the oldest tradition of new year are those of Iran's Zoroastrians or Parsis in India .Their prophet Zarathushtra accorded as much sanctity to nature as to human existence. The Sun became the celestial emblem of the Fire which was kept burning within the homes and fire-temples on earth as an eternal tribute to the spirit of the Creator, Ahura Mazda. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A benediction to the spirit of the Sun proclaims: "When the Sun rises, the land created by Ahura Mazda becomes purified. If the Sun were not to rise, evil forces would devastate all that exists.'' During winter the power of the Sun decreases, the nights are long and cold, nature slumbers. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Then on March 21, the Sun enters the sign of Aries and this day is known as the Spring or Vernal Equinox. From this day on the power of the Sun waxes, the days get longer and nature rejoices. King Jamshed of the Peshdadian dynasty in ancient </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iran</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> introduced the Sun-calendar with the day of the Vernal Equinox as the first day of the year - Naoroz (new day). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jamshedi Navroz is celebrated not only by the Zoroastrians, but also by Muslims in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iran</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Afghanistan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kurdistan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and some parts of the former </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Soviet Union</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Entire families go to the countryside to be close to nature, to celebrate the coming of spring. Iranians prepare a table with seven articles beginning with the letter 'S': Sib (apple), sabzi (vegetable), sirkey (vinegar), soomac (powder), sir (garlic), sikke (coin), senjed (olive). </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Both Zoroastrians and Aryans, being of the same stock ie Indo- Iranians, worshipped fire. Parsees in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> still do so . Hindus also worship <i>Agni </i>(fire); during <i>Hawans</i> for marriages and other religious and social functions. Foreign Minister of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Azerbaijan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> , north of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iran</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, told me that in ancient times his country was known as Aagban, Aagbaan etc. which could perhaps mean forest of fire or an arrow of fire. Near Azerbaijan's capital Baku is Atishgah , a temple with a burning fire from natural gas seeping out from earth's crevices .It was believed to have many miraculous powers which brought happiness and wellbeing to visitors and devotees .Located on the silk route, a number of Indian traders- Parsees, Punjabis, Gujaratis and others visited it and built rooms for their stay and for their horses . </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In south east Turkey , where the Kurds, an Iranian related people are in majority but their language and culture are suppressed, celebrate Nawroz with great fanfare as a mark of defiance<span style=""> </span>against the unitary Turkish state , whose secular elite celebrates the New Year with European style balls and feasts . </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">India</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> in its diversity .</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A culturally rich and diverse country ,</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> ,where different regions follow different traditions and cultures the New Year celebrations also manifold. Like other ancient civilizations ,the New Year celebrations are associated with harvesting of crops. Almost every Indian state has its own history and traditions behind the celebrations .So the people celebrate New Year as per their regional calendar with vibrant colors with their own distinctive features .It also provides many lazy Indians in bureaucracy to take another day off from work. <br> <br> New Year dates of many religions coincide with each other. Baisakhi falls on April 13 or 14 every year and so does Bihu in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Assam</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Nabo Barsho in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bengal</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Puthandu in Tamil Nadu and Pooram Vishu in Kerala. In an agriculturally rich country New Year in different regions of <span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> are usually celebrated to mark the time for harvesting of crops. In some places, the religious minded people celebrate it to honor Lord Brahma , creator of the universe . Whatever be the reason, the day begins with <i>pooja</i> at homes and temples followed by specific customs and rituals. At the time of New Year, every house is adorned with auspicious flowers, leaves and lights. People also present traditional New Year gifts to their dear ones and share rich meals with families and friends to mark the auspicious day. </span></p> <ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/assamese-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Bohag Bihu - Assamese New Year</span></a></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/bengali-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Nabo Barsho - Bengali New Year</span></a></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/gujarati-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Bestu Varas - Gujarati New Year</span></a></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/malayalam-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Vishu - Malayalam New Year</span></a></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/marathi-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Gudi Padwa - Marathi New Year</span></a></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/marwari-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Diwali - Marwari New Year</span></a></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/punjabi-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Baisakhi - Punjabi New Year</span></a></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/sikkimese-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Losoong - Sikkimese New Year</span></a></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/tamil-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Puthandu - Tamil New Year</span></a></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.newyearfestival.com/telugu-new-year.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">Ugadi - Telugu New Year</span></a></span></li> </ul> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">In north </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'s agriculturally prominent and prosperous states of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Punjab</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and Haryana , </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">the festival of Lohri "The Bonfire Festival" is <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">celebrated on 13th January</span></strong> every year. The festival marks the solar equinox when the Sun starts moving towards Uttarayan (North). People specially the farming community of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Punjab</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> celebrate it with great gusto, zeal and enthusiasm. Bonfires, songs and dance , <i>til </i>Jaggery and peanuts are an essence of Lohri celebrations. In north </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">India</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> , specially in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Punjab</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> which <span style=""> </span>prides itself on its food grain production , its most significant festival is Baisakhi (also called Vaisakhi) .This harvest festival is celebrated on the thirteenth day of April according to the solar calendar. </span></p> <p>Pongal is a four-days-long harvest festival in Tamil Nadu, in south India. It falls generally on the 14th or the 15th of January and is the quintessential 'Tamil Festival' . It is a festival of thanksgiving to nature for celebrating the life cycles that give us grain. It takes its name from the Tamil word meaning "to boil" .It is held in the month of <i>Thai</i> (January-February) when rice and other cereals, sugar-cane, and turmeric (an essential ingredient in Tamil cooking) are harvested.<br> <br> Tamilians say <i>'Thai pirandhaal vazhi pirakkum',</i> and believe that knotty family problems will be solved with the advent of <i>Thai</i>. This is also traditionally a month of weddings. This is no surprise in a largely agricultural community - the riches gained from a good harvest form the economic basis for expensive family occasions like weddings.<br> <br> This first day is celebrated as Bhogi festival in honor of Lord Indra, the supreme ruler of clouds that give rains. Homage is paid to Lord Indra for the abundance of harvest, thereby bringing plenty and prosperity to the land. Another ritual observed on this day is Bhogi Mantalu, when useless household articles are thrown into a fire made of wood and cow-dung cakes. Girls dance around the bonfire, singing songs in praise of the gods, the spring and the harvest. The significance of the bonfire, in which is burnt the agricultural wastes and firewood is to keep warm during the last lap of winter.</p> <p><b>Chinese New Year</b> or <b>Spring Festival</b> </p> <p>Chinese New Year or Spring Festival is the most important of the traditional Chinese holidays .It is often called the Lunar New Year, especially by people in mainland China and Taiwan. The festival traditionally begins on the first day of the first month (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span style="font-family: "MS Mincho";" lang="ZH">正月</span>; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>zhēng yuè</em>) in the Chinese calendar and ends on the 15th; this day is called Lantern Festival. Chinese New Year's Eve is known as <i>Chúxī</i>. It literally means "Year-pass Eve". <span style="">The Lunisolar Chinese calendar determines New Year dates. The calendar is also used in countries that have adopted or have been influenced by Han culture (notably the Koreans, Japanese and Vietnamese) and may have a common ancestry with the similar New Years festivals outside </span><span style="">East Asia</span><span style=""> .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chinese New Year falls on different dates each year between January 21 and February 20. In the Chinese calendar , winter solstice must happen in the 11th month, so the Chinese New Year usually falls in the second new moon after the winter solstice (rarely in the third ) In traditional Chinese Culture, <i>lichun </i>is a solar term marking the start of spring, which occurs about February 4. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">According to legends, the beginning of Chinese New Year started with a fight against a mythical monster called the Nien (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "MS Mincho";" lang="ZH">年</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <em>nián</em>), who would appear on the first day of New Year to devour livestock, crops, and even villagers, especially children. To protect themselves, the villagers would put food in front of their doors at the beginning of every year believing that a food satisfied Nien would spare them . <span style=""> </span>Once, people saw that the Nien was scared away by a little child wearing red. So, when the New Year is about to commence the villagers hang red lanterns and red spring scrolls on windows and doors. They also use firecrackers to frighten away the Nien. The Nien was eventually captured by Hongjun Laozu, an ancient Taoist monk and became the latter's mount. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The New Year Greetings around the world </span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <table class="MsoNormalTable" style="border: medium none ; width: 300pt; border-collapse: collapse;" width="400" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr style=""> <td style="border: 1pt inset silver; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(232, 116, 0);">Language</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: inset inset inset none; border-color: silver silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(232, 116, 0);">Happy New Year</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Afghani </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Saale</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Nao Mubbarak </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Afrikaans </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Gelukkige nuwe jaar </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Albanian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Gezuar Vitin e Ri </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Arabic </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Antum salimoun </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Armenian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Snorhavor Nor Tari </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Assyrian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sheta Brikhta </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Azeri </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Yeni Iliniz Mubarek! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bengali </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Shuvo Nabo Barsho </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cambodian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Soursdey Chhnam Tmei </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Catalan </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">FELIÇ ANY NOU </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chinese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chu</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Shen Tan / Xin Nian Kuai Le </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Corsican Language </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pace e Salute </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Croatian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sretna Nova godina! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cymraeg (Welsh) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Blwyddyn Newydd Dda </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Czechoslovakia</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Scastny Novy Rok </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Danish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Godt Nytår </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dhivehi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ufaaveri Aa Aharakah Edhen </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dutch </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">GELUKKIG NIEUWJAAR! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Eskimo </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kiortame pivdluaritlo </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Esperanto </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Felican Novan Jaron </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Estonians </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Head uut aastat! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ethiopian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">MELKAM ADDIS AMET YIHUNELIWO! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Finnish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Onnellista Uutta Vuotta </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">French </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bonne Annee </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Gaelic </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bliadhna mhath </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ur</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">German </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Prosit Neujahr </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greek </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kenourios Chronos </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Gujarati </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nutan Varshbhinandan </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hawaiian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hauoli Makahiki Hou </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hebrew </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">L'Shannah Tovah </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hindi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nav varsh ka shubkamnayein </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hong Kong</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (Cantonese) </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sun Leen Fai Lok </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hungarian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Boldog Ooy Ayvet </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Indonesian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Selamat Tahun Baru </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iranian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Saleh now mobarak </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iraqi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sanah Jadidah </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Irish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bliain nua fe mhaise dhuit </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Italian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Felice anno nuovo </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Japanese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Akimashite Omedetto Gozaimasu </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kabyle</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Asegwas Amegaz </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kannada </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Hosa Varushadha Shubhashayagalu </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kisii </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">SOMWAKA OMOYIA OMUYA </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Khmer </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sua Sdei tfnam tmei </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Korea</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Saehae Bock Mani ba deu sei yo! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kurdish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">NEWROZ PIROZBE </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lithuanian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Laimingu Naujuju Metu </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Laotian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sabai dee pee mai </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Macedonian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Srekjna Nova Godina </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Malay </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Selamat Tahun Baru </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Marathi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nveen Varshachy Shubhechcha </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Malayalam </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Puthuvatsara Aashamsakal </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Maltese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Is-Sena t- Tajba </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nepal</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nawa Barsha ko Shuvakamana </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Norwegian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Godt Nyttår </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Papua New Guinea</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nupela yia i go long yu </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pashto </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nawai Kall Mo Mubarak Shah </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Persian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Saleh now ra tabrik migouyam </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Philippines</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Manigong Bagong Taon </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Polish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Szczesliwego Nowego Roku </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Portuguese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Feliz Ano Novo </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Punjabi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nave sal di mubarakan </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Romanian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">AN NOU FERICIT also la multsi An</span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Russian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">S Novim</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Godom </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Samoa</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Manuia le Tausaga Fou </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Serbo-Croatian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sretna nova godina </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sindhi </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nayou Saal Mubbarak Hoje </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Singhalese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Subha Aluth Awrudhak Vewa </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Siraiki </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Nawan Saal Shala Mubarak Theevay </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Slovak </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">A stastlivy Novy Rok </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Slovenian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">sreèno novo leto </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Somali </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Iyo Sanad Cusub Oo Fiican! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Spanish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Feliz Ano ~Nuevo </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Swahili </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Heri Za Mwaka Mpyaº </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Swedish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">GOTT NYTT ÅR! /Gott nytt år! </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sudanese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Warsa Enggal </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tamil </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Eniya Puthandu Nalvazhthukkal </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Telegu </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Noothana samvatsara shubhakankshalu </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Thai </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sawadee Pee Mai </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkish </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Yiliniz Kutlu Olsun </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ukrainian </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Shchastlyvoho Novoho Roku </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Urdu </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Naya Saal Mubbarak Ho </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vietnamese </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chuc Mung Tan Nien </span></p> </td> </tr> <tr style=""> <td style="border-style: none inset inset; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Uzbek </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> </td> <td style="border-style: none inset inset none; border-color: -moz-use-text-color silver silver -moz-use-text-color; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 1.5pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Yangi Yil Bilan </span></p> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12pt;"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 10"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 10"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CUsers%5Cgajendra%5CAppData%5CLocal%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><style> <!-- /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0in; margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} h1 {mso-style-next:Normal; margin-top:12.0pt; margin-right:0in; margin-bottom:3.0pt; margin-left:0in; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; page-break-after:avoid; mso-outline-level:1; font-size:16.0pt; font-family:Arial; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning:16.0pt; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} a:link, span.MsoHyperlink {color:blue; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed {color:purple; text-decoration:underline; text-underline:single;} @page Section1 {size:8.5in 11.0in; margin:1.0in .75in 1.0in 1.0in; mso-header-margin:.5in; mso-footer-margin:.5in; mso-paper-source:0;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> </p><h1 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style=""> </span>FOUNDATION FOR INDO-TURKIC STUDIES<span style=""> </span></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tel/Fax ; 0040216374602<span style=""> </span>Amb (Rtd) K Gajendra Singh<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>Emails; <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com</a><span style=""> </span>Flat No 5, 3<sup>rd</sup> Floor </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>KGSingh@Yahoo.com<span style=""> </span>9, Sos Cotroceni,</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span>Web site <a href="http://W3.geocities.com/Kgsingh">W3.geocities.com/Kgsingh</a><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bucharest</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Romania</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> ).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">24 December, 2002</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;">ASIA</span></b><b style=""><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> TIMES </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">online -</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">25 December<strong>, </strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">2002</span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DL25Ag02.html"><strong><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153);">St Nicholas: Turkey's gift to the world</span></strong><b><span style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153);"><br> </span></b></a>In a journey down the byways of history, <b>K Gajendra Singh</b> travels to Demre, on the Turkish Mediterranean coast, where he finds the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Church</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">St Nicholas</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, once the domain of Bishop Nicholas, now hailed as the patron saint of children and the poor and everywhere associated with the celebration of Christmas. (</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dec 24, '02</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">)-Editor</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style=""> </span><u>Written for Tara Amelia Singh-Breuer , </u></span><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Brussels</span></u><u><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black;"> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black;">Turkey</span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black;">'s gift to the world<span style=""> </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">By K Gajendra Singh</span><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black;"></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><a href="http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DL25Ag02.html"><span style="font-weight: normal;">http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/DL25Ag02.html</span></a></span></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 16pt; color: black;"></span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black;"><br> </span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">If one drives from the Turkish city of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Fethiye</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Antalya</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, littered with hotels and resorts for millions of tourists who throng its Mediterranean coast, which was known as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Lycia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in ancient times, after passing innumerable ancient ruins, one reaches the town of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Demre</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, known as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Myra</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in olden days. <br> <br> In the center of the town one will come across the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Church</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">St Nicholas</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, the patron saint of children, sailors and the poor and one of the most popular saints in Christianity now associated with the celebration of Christmas. Many legends have been woven around Nicholas, who was the bishop of this church in the 4th century AD and where he died in 342. He was born in about 280 AD in the town of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Patara</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, which the traveler would have passed about 100 kilometers earlier.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">As a young man Nicholas traveled to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Palestine</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Egypt</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and became the bishop at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Myra</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> on his return. He was imprisoned during the persecution of Christians by Roman Emperor Diocletian. The persecution ended when Emperor Constantine made Christianity the state religion and built his capital at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Constantinople</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in 324 AD on the Straits of Bosporus, separating </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Asia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. When conquered in 1453 by Sultan Fethi Mehmet, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Constantinople</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> became the new Ottoman capital, now known as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Istanbul</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. <br> <br> After his release from prison, St Nicholas attended the first Christian Council in 325 at Nicea. There is definite historical evidence of this in the records of the council. Nicea, now known as Iznik, famous for its Ottoman tiles, is not far from </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Istanbul</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> on the Asian side of the city that straddles two continents. <br> <br> The stories of miracles and benevolence associated with St Nicholas and the legends woven around him have identified him as Santa Claus and Father Christmas. The earliest reference to him occurs in a Greek text of the 6th century, according to which three officers condemned to death by </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Constantine</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> were saved when St Nicholas appeared to the emperor in a dream. In another legend, a merchant fallen on bad times was very much worried about dowry for his three daughters who could not be otherwise married and might have ended up as prostitutes. One evening, while passing by, St Nicholas overheard the unhappy merchant's conversation of with his wife. So the next day, secretly entering by the window, he lobbed three bags of gold coins in the house of the merchant, thus enabling his daughters to marry and live happily ever afterwards. <br> <br> That story lies behind the three gold balls used as a sign by pawnbrokers. Another legend consists of three boys who had been cut up by mistake by a butcher. St Nicholas restored them to life. There are many other such stories. <br> <br> A biography of St Nicholas written by a 6th century abbot of a nearby church, also named Nicholas, spread his fame throughout the Christian world, starting with Germany and other countries of reformed Christianity and later to France. St Nicholas was chosen the patron saint of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Russia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greece</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and various charities and was a popular name for kings and common men alike. Thousands of churches are dedicated to him, the first built in the 6th century AD at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Constantinople</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> by Emperor Justinian. His miracles became the subject for medieval artists and liturgical plays. <br> <br> But Santa Claus' tomb in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Myra</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> is of a later date. By the 6th century his shrine was quite well known. Being specially benevolent to sailors and merchants, who had adopted him, his remains were spirited away to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bari</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Italy</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in 1087 by a group of merchants or sailors to save it from desecration by Muslims. His relics are enshrined in the 11th century Basilica of St Nicholas. Its removal on May 9 to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bari</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> is celebrated with fanfare, making it a holy and crowded place of pilgrimage for Christians. <br> <br> The word Christmas comes from old English cristes maesse, or "Christ's Mass". For Christians, Christmas is a celebration of Jesus' birth, although the exact date of birth is not known. However, in 336 AD, Christian leaders set the date to December 25 in an attempt to counter a popular pagan holiday in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rome</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> that celebrated the winter solstice. Originally, Christmas involved a simple mass, but slowly it has subsumed or replaced a number of other holidays in many countries, and a large number of other religious and cultural traditions have been absorbed into the celebrations. <br> <br> Christmas comes three times each year to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bethlehem</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, where Jesus was born. While the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Western</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Church</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and the Russian Orthodox Church both celebrate Christmas on December 25, the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Russian</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Church</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> still uses the old Julian calendar which places their (December 25) celebration on January 7, according to our calendar. The Armenian Church celebrates on January 6 by the Julian calendar, which becomes January 19 to us. To add to the confusion, the January 6 celebration of Epiphany overlaps into the Russian Christmas. In addition, the diversity in climate has shaped Christmas festivities all over the world. <br> <br> Ethnic groups have brought their own traditions, specially in an immigrant society like the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">United States</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Even food varies from country to country. Americans concentrate on Turkey (in Turkey, the bird is called Hindi - anything exotic has to be from India), while dinner on Christmas eve in Germany consists of dishes such as suckling pig, white sausage, macaroni salad and many regional dishes. <br> <br> The English celebrate Christmas season with hearty feasting and merrymaking with wild abandon. They have been doing so perhaps since King Arthur, as the legend goes, made "merrie" in 521 AD at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">York</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> surrounded by "minstrels, gleemen, harpers, pipe-players, jugglers and dancers". It appears that celebrations went underground during puritan Cromwellian rule as did sex during another puritan Victorian era. <br> <br> Apart from Le Pere Joel (Father Christmas), the French have Le Pere Fouettard (Father Spanker) to "reward" bad children with spanking. In the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Netherlands</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, children are told that Santa Claus, known as Sinterklaas, arrives from </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Spain</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> on a steamer on his feast day, December 6. The night before, children fill their shoes with hay and sugar for his horse. In the morning they find them filled with gifts such as nuts and candy. Sometimes Sinterklaas appears in person in the children's homes, along with his assistant, Black Pete. <br> <br> The people of Twente, Denenkamp and Ootmarsum in eastern Holland announce the coming of the Christ child by blowing special horns, handcrafted from birch saplings three or four feet in length, which when blown over wells produce a deep-toned sound similar to a foghorn. This tradition goes back to around 2,500 BC when horn blowing was believed to chase evil spirits away. Now horn blowing is relayed from farm to farm to announce the arrival of the Christmas season. <br> <br> In what is now the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">US</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Christmas was perhaps first celebrated at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tallahassee</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Florida</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, in 1539 in Spanish style by Hernando </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">de Soto</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and his army. Legends of Santa Claus and the celebration of Christmas as the feast day were taken to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New York</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> by Dutch immigrants. In the beginning the Puritans in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New England</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> had even suppressed it by law (identifying it with pagan rites and Papist practices), arguing that the New Testament gave no date for Christ's birth. <br> <br> But it then blossomed into a carnival and became even rowdy and disruptive, almost like "Holi" - the north Indian festival of colors. It was neither a family nor a commercial holiday at the beginning of the 19th century, but become so by its end. The transformation of Santa Claus around the 1820s, into a night visitor bringing gifts for children and the poor, made it pro-plebian and Christmas became an enjoyable festival. But Santa Claus' magical tricks, benevolence and love for children have made Christmas a family festival with gifts for children, perhaps based on Nordic tales of rewarding good children and the exchange of gifts among family members and friends. That is why people from all over the world from other religions also join in. <br> <br> While New York has its tree, in California thousands flock to Hollywood for the annual Parade of Stars, while others converge on Balboa Park in San Diego for Christmas concerts on the world's largest outdoor pipe organ. Festivities range from a picnic on the beach at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Waikiki</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> or </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Key West</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> to candles in a window during the twilight of a cold day in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Alaska</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Nowadays consumerism has overtaken simple celebrations, in the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">US</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> the most, where traders, economists and government look at counter sales between Thanksgiving and Christmas for its likely impact on the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">US</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> economy. As George Bernard Shaw commented, "Christmas is forced upon a reluctant and disgusted nation by the shopkeepers and the press; on its own merits it would wither and shrivel in the fiery breath of universal hatred." <br> <br> To most Americans, St Nicholas is just another name for Santa Claus - plump and rosy-cheeked - whereas for most of Europeans and Asians he is a thin figure dressed in bishop's robes, also so it is shown in Demre town's square in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. As Christmas in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">North America</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> falls in mid-winter, the tradition of a white snow Christmas, white bearded Santa Claus and other myths, have emerged. The popular song "I'm Dreaming of a White Christmas" for the movie "Holiday Inn" (1942) sung by Bing Crosby, perhaps further confirmed this perception. <br> <br> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Myra</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, though, is not cold. Nor is Patara, his birth place five kilometers from one of the longest sandy beaches in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. When I went there in August 1994, it was impossible to walk on the hot sand, although many north European tourists looking like grilled lobsters were enjoying themselves, some bicycling around in steaming temperatures. But it was quite pleasant in March. Patara is also full of Roman and Byzantine ruins, including a theater, the magnificent Hadrian's Gate and a Christian Basilica. <br> <br> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Myra</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> was an important town in the region. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">St Paul</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and St Luke had visited it a few times while going to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ephesus</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. It was the capital of the Byzantine Lycia until it fell to Caliph Harun al Rashid in 808. Apart from St Nicholas' Church, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Myra</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> attracts tourists for its shrines and rock-cut sepulchers on a hill, looking like carved wooden houses. At the foot of the hill is a large Roman theater. <br> <br> Demre town is located in a swampy flat area full of mosquitoes and its hothouse cultivation of vegetables and fruit with acres of plastic sheets make for an ugly sight. The </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">harbor</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Demre</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, now known as Chayazi, the ancient Andriace on the river Xanthos, has boats to take one to the beaches of Kekova island or Kas, both popular spots with rich yacht owners from </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Europe</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">US</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> is now seriously in the business of exploiting its ancient historical and religious sites to attract tourists. It holds a festival every year on December 6 to celebrate St Nicholas Day at Demre, with great fanfare, inviting tourists, clergymen, journalists and others. <br> <br> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, known as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Asia Minor</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in ancient times, was the cradle of early Christianity. In a grotto near </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Antakya</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Antioch</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">), bordering </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Syria</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, St Peter held the first mass. Followers of Jesus Christ were called Christians here for the first time. Christianity spread from here and first blossomed in the east at </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Edessa</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, now known as </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Urfa</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, from where 500 people went to </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Malabar Coast</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in the 4th century AD (and other groups later) to form early distinct Syrian Christian communities. <br> <br> Nearby in Tur Abdin and Midyat, with old Syrian Christian monasteries and churches, Suryani Christians still speak Syriac, a language akin to what Jesus Christ spoke. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">St Paul</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> was a native of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tarsus</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Cilicia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Seven churches located in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> are mentioned in the Revelation of John: </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ephesus</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (nearby the Virgin Mary is reputedly buried), </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Smyrna</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pergamum</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, Thiatira, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sardis</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Philadelphia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Laodicea</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Chalcedon</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> is an Asian suburb of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Istanbul</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, known as Kadikoy and not far from it is Nicomedea, now called Izmit, a major industrial center. <br> <br> With more Greek ruins than </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Greece</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and more Roman monuments than </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Italy</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, with its </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mediterranean</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and Aegean coast resorts, attracts nearly 10 million to 12 million tourists a year and earns over US$8 billion in tourist dollars every year. Even Europeans are amazed to find that places where Greek and hence the earliest European political and religious thought evolved are in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. The spiritual forefathers of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, the very first Greek philosophers Thales, Anaximander and Anaximenus, were born and lived in Miletus around the 6th century BC, east of present day Ephesus and Izmir, then known as Smyrna, the birth place of Homer, of Odyssey and Iliad fame. <br> <br> From </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ionia</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> along </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'s western coast entered the word Yunani for the Greeks in the Eastern lexicon. The historian Herodotus was born in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Halicarnassus</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, now known as Bodrum, a port. The geographer Strabo was born at Amasia, east of </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">'s capital </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ankara</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Troy</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, of Helen, Trojan horse and Achilles' heel fame, is located on the Asian side of the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dardanelles</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. Across at Gallipoli on the European side lie buried thousands of Indian soldiers, with their Australian, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New Zealand</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and British comrades. They were killed (some say foolishly sacrificed) in fierce battles during World War I when the mighty British navy tried to take over the peninsula. Its defense made Kemal Ataturk, a colonel then, a hero among Turks. <br> <br> It was at Zile, northeast of Ankara, that Julius Caesar proclaimed <i>veni, vidi ,vici </i>(I came, I saw, I conquered) after his unexpected quick victory over Pharnaces II, whose father Mithradates VI had given a tough fight to the Romans.The name Mithridates (gift of Mithra), a popular name in the region, comes from the Vedic and Avestan god Mithra. <br> <br> The Greek Hellenic world came in contact with the sophisticated religions and philosophy of the East, including Mithraism, after the small town boy Alexander and his hordes cut a swathe of victories across the Achaemenian Empire. They also learnt about state protocol and the divinity of the emperor. Coming into contact with neo-Platonian and other ideas, Mithraism flowered between the 2nd and 4th centuries in the Roman world and became a very popular religion among the Roman aristocracy, military leaders and soldiers, traders and slaves with powerful patrons among Roman emperors, like Commodus, Septimium Severus, Caraculla and others. Diocletian built a temple for Mithra near </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Vienna</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> on </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Danube</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> as "the Protector of the Empire". <br> <br> Along the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rhine</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Danube</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Euphrates</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and in Roman north Africa, where Roman legions used to camp, there are ruins of hundreds of underground Mithra temples, with the slaying of the Cosmic Bull symbolizing the creation of the universe and fertility. (Perhaps the Spanish sport of bullfighting originates from it). As the god of Light and Sun, contract, loyalty and justice, Mithraism was organized (but open only to men, being an Aryan patriarchal religion) in a graded hierarchy, with novices ascending up the highest seventh level - something like Buddhist /Hindu <i>sanghas</i> (orders). <br> <br> Various astronomical symbols, still indecipherable, with their meanings transmitted orally from teacher to pupil in Aryan/Avestan tradition, still remain unknown. One can speculate that they were similar to levels in meditation for final unity with God. Celebrations for Mithra's birthday on December 25, the sun's solstice, was so popular in the East that Christmas had to be shifted to this day from January 6 to make it acceptable among the masses. Christianity also took over many of the rituals and symbols of Mithraism, like baptism, resurrection and prayers in honor of the sun. <br> <br> The earliest written mention of Mithra, the guarantor of contract, was found on tablets not far from </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ankara</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> amid the ruins of Bogazkoy, the capital of the Indo-European Hittites. The Mithra gods (also Indra, Varuna and Natasya) were invoked as the god of oath in the peace treaty between the Hittites and the Indo-Aryan Mitannis, who ruled for three centuries in southeast </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Syria</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> (1,500 BC to 1,200 BC). The Bogazkoy archives also produced a horse-training manual. The technical terms used in horse training and chariotry, like <i>aika wartanna</i>, <i>navartanna</i> (one turn, nine turns) are like <i>ek vartanam, nava vartanam, </i>as in Vedic Sanskrit. Both the treaty and the training manual tablets are displayed from time to time at the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Archeological</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Museum</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> in </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Istanbul</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">. <br> <br> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitannis</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> also signed a peace treaty with the Pharaohs to counteract the Hittite threat from the northwest. This was cemented with </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitanni</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> princesses being married to the Pharaohs. Princess Gilukhepa was married to Amun Hotep III. She went to her husband in style with 317 Mitannian maidens. <br> <br> Later, the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Mitanni</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> king Tushratta (whose chariot wheels rolled the fastest - a la Ferrari nowadays) gave his daughter Tadukhepa to Amun Hotep IV, who also married Gilukhepa, youngest in his father's harem. It is generally believed that Gilukhepa was no other than the beautiful and famous Nefertiti. It is known that Nefertiti fully supported her husband's efforts to bring in monotheism. This upset the vested interests of priests and after their sudden disappearance, old gods and cults came back. It was from </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Egypt</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, where Moses was born and brought up, that he led out the Jews with the idea of one god Jehovah. <br> <br> But for the 312 AD victory at the </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Milvian</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bridge</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> under the banner of the Cross, after which </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Constantine</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> opted for Christianity, leading to the decline of Mithraism, it is conceivable that Mithraism might have spread and become a world religion. But like most religions, Christianity, which was itself persecuted, did the same to other religions and its own newer sects, with religion, alas, becoming another tool for control and exploitation by the powerful. <br> <br> Then came Islam with jihads and to counter the Crusades. The concept of crusades and jihad is once again at the forefront, and if pursued could play havoc with earthlings. It's crucial that leaders of all countries forget their short-term interests and ponder what has gone wrong with the human race. They should strive for reconciliation and peaceful solutions to differences.<b><i> K Gajendra Singh</i></b><i>, Indian ambassador (retired), served as ambassador to </i></span><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Turkey</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> from August 1992 to April 1996. Prior to that, he served terms as ambassador to </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jordan</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Romania</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> and </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Senegal</span></i><i><span style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span></i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> <br> <br> (©2002 Asia Times Online Co, Ltd. All rights reserved. Please contact <a href="mailto:content@atimes.com">content@atimes.com</a> for information on our sales and syndication policies.)<strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br></span><p></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-58328567384157930602009-11-06T06:38:00.001-08:002009-11-06T06:38:16.421-08:00DESTRUCTION OF WORLD’S EASTERN HERITAGE IN IRAQ: Eastern foundations of Western civilization<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">DESTRUCTION OF WORLD'S EASTERN HERITAGE IN </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">IRAQ</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt">: </span></b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">Eastern foundations of Western civilization</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">by K Gajendra Singh 9 July , 2003 <span style="COLOR: green"><font size="2"><a href="http://work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm">work.colum.edu/~amiller/antiquities.htm</a> - 10k - </font></span><a href="http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:b7Y2QRLZWEYJ:work.colum.edu/%7Eamiller/antiquities.htm+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Cached</font></a><font size="2"> - </font><a href="file://search/?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:work.colum.edu\%7Eamiller\antiquities.htm"><font color="#0000ff" size="2">Similar pages</font></a> Saag.com paper 733</span></font></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">"It would be a good idea.' Mahatma Gandhi, when asked about his views on western culture. </span></i></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There was an international cry and outrage in April and May, when following the collapse of the Saddam Hussein regime, US armed forces as the occupying power, had allowed the heritage Museum in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and other museums in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to be damaged and looted along with libraries, institutions and ministries, except for the ministry of oil (and the oil fields) In spite of warnings, the most comprehensive archives of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history were set ablaze. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s National Library smouldered for two days with its half a million books, newspapers and documents reduced to ashes. The Awqaf Library in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with more than 5,000 manuscripts was destroyed. The Saddam Manuscripts Library, with more than 40,000 manuscripts was looted. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dr Charles Tripp of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">School</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oriental</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and African Studies in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, who had used the Iraqi National Library in the 1980s said, 'It had newspapers from the 1920s and thousands of documents telling tales of the Ottoman period and the British mandate. Its hard to accept it is all gone. ' Mosul University Library with its valuable collections was also partly looted and burnt.' These collections offered a representative sample of the intellectual output of Islamic civilisation,' said Tim Winter, a divinity lecturer at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cambridge</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. 'The loss of a thousand years of scholarly interpretation will impoverish Islamic thought, and strengthen the extremists indifferent to it anyway. '</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history has been savagely massacred,' said Dr Irvine Finkle of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">British</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Museum</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. "To burn books is possibly the lowest form of human activity. Who would do this And why?"<u> </u></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">During the peak of anarchy, chaos and looting US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld had commented "Free people are free to make mistakes and commit crimes and do bad things,"</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Professor Michalowski of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Michigan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> said that this was "a tragedy that has no parallel in world history; it is as if the Uffizi, the Louvre, or all the museums of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Washington</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DC</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> had been wiped out in one fell swoop". Professor Zinab Bahrani from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Columbia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> claimed that, "Blame must be placed with the Bush administration for a catastrophic destruction of culture unparalleled in modern history. " From Edinburgh Professor Trevor Watkins lamented that, "The loss of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s cultural heritage will go down in history - like the burning of the Library at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> - and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Britain</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> will be to blame. " Others used phrases such as cultural genocide and compared the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in particular to the Mongol invaders of 13th-century </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cultural heritage bodies in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">UK</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> had requested their governments to protect hospitals, schools and cultural institutions, but these requests were largely ignored. Martin Sullivan, Chairman of President's Advisory Committee on Cultural Property and its member Gary Vikan resigned because the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> military had had advance warning of the danger to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s historical treasures. "We certainly know the value of oil but we certainly don't know the value of historical artifacts," said Vikan, director of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Walters</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Art</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gallery</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baltimore</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On March 20, when US and its allies began their attack on Iraq with Stealth and B-52 bombers, Tomahawk cruise missiles, smart and stupid bombs, museums and curators, universities and scholars across the world were worried what that might do to monuments in Mesopotamia, the fertile crescent land between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, the cradle of civilisations, the land of Nineveh, Babylon, Nimrud and Uruk, the world's first city. Where the Sumerians invented writing 5,000 years ago, where the epic of Gilgamesh, which formed the model for Noah and the flood, was committed to cuneiform writing 1500 years before Homer. The land of the Old Testament, of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tower</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Babel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, where Abraham, the father of the three great monotheistic religions, was born. The museum at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, with its oldest churches and from nearby </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nineveh</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has the remains of personality cult of Sennacherib, a seventh-century BC cruel Assyrian ruler. From nearby </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nimrud</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, the giant winged Assyrian bulls with human heads were stolen and now awe the visitors to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">British</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Museum</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. The attack on the museum in Saddam's home town of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tikrit</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was, perhaps, a 21<sup>st</sup> century symbolic strike at the personality cult of Saddam Hussein. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">So US pro-Consul in Iraq Paul Bremer allowed the gates of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s heritage museum to be opened on July 3 for some diplomats and media, with heavily armed </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> troops and black-uniformed Italian carabinieri providing security. But it was only a symbolic one day photo opportunity to convey the message that things were under control. The Museum once had one of the world's best collections of pre-Hellenic statuary, gold jewellery and cuneiform tablets "It's important that people know the museum is coming back. We hope to open properly within a year or two," said Dr Donny George, an Assyrian Christian and the museum's director of studies. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But a most remarkable thing has been the return of around 3000 priceless pieces under the "no questions asked "amnesty in which the clerics played an important role. Some looters brought back the stolen artifacts, after imams had threatened to ban thieves from worship at mosques. The retrieved treasures included a statue of King Shalmanezzer III from 852BC, the Warka vase - a 5ft-high alabaster vessel from 3000 BC, encircled by several layers of sculpted figures, still with traces of red and grain colouring. Another rare exhibit is the gold treasures of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nimrud</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> consisting of exquisitely crafted crowns, bracelets, cups and pendants discovered only in 1989 and rarely exhibited. These had been stored in a vault of the central bank and had survived the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> invasion, when the bank building was looted, set on fire and partly flooded. When the banks vaults were opened, bodies of looters killed in shoot-outs with rival gangs, were found inside, but the seals on the crates of the antiquities were intact. The collection had been carefully stored with thousands of pieces hidden in secure rooms around the museum, in vaults in the central bank and in bunkers around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. This was done according to plans drawn up for 1991 Gulf war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">But of the 42 most valuable items, 32 are still missing, including a bronze relief from 4000 BC, "worth 100 Mona Lisas. And many pieces still remained unaccounted, with thousands gone from the storerooms. The museum did not have an inventory of its collection, not even on a handwritten card index, let alone on a computer. Who stole the museum's best items would take time to find out. Dr George denied that some of the looting was done by museum staff. But it was not just vandalism, he added. It was clear that there were some professional thieves. "They had plans, glasscutters, and knowledge. We found keys brought by the looters. They opened the museum director's safe where they found other keys. " There are reports that some retrieved pieces are copies. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Why the initial reports of the losses were exaggerated remains a mystery but Dr George clarified that it was because of a misunderstanding that the 170,000 pieces were reported missing. He had only given the total number of objects. The reports had outraged the world making it a symbol of the lawlessness of postwar </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s failure to establish security after its quick victory. Now investigations are under way, with help from Interpol and FBI teams. It is quite possible that the reports of losses were intentionally exaggerated to attract world attention for provision of security by US authorities which was then lacking and to scare away the professional as well as amateur looters</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">While playing down the numbers stolen, Colonel Matthew Bogdanos, head of the investigating team appointed by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> said,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>"Almost 3,000 items have been recovered, but over 12,000 are still missing. " He divided the looters into three kinds, those who went through the public galleries, picking out the most valuable or easily transportable items. "They were selective in what they stole," he said. When it came to the items looted from storage chambers, two dynamics were visible. "One was absolute indiscriminate looting. Bags and boxes were taken from one end of the museum and dropped at the other." The "most troubling" thefts were of items "in the most remote corner of the most remote room. Other stuff on the way to it was not taken. You couldn't get there unless you knew it well. This was the priceless collection of cylinder seals and Hellenistic, Roman and Islamic coins". Under amnesty half the items were returned by people who took them for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>"safe keeping "or given by friends, the other 1,500 were seized after tip offs. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">About ancient monuments, experience with US armed forces is not very encouraging. American bulldozers had razed the ruins of Tell al-Lahm, south of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, during the 1991 Gulf war. The great arch of Ctesphion, still the widest unsupported brick arch in the world, was cracked by the vibrations of the American carpet bombing. John Curtis, the keeper of the department of the ancient near east at the British Museum, who visited Ur last year had little doubt the Americans strafed the ziggurat - a great, stepped pyramid - with heavy machine-gun fire the last time they passed that way. "Whether this was an accident, I couldn't say," he says. Another European invader Napolean had tested his artillery against </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cairo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s pyramids. Talibans had bombed Buddhist statues at Bamiyan in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> a few years ago, leading to international uproar.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">On the other hand US and its allies point out that Iraqis have used ancient defences for parking tanks and point out that Iraqi airbase is in the shadow of the great ziggurat of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, city of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Abraham</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Incidentally "the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> airbase was built by the British in the days of its colonial mandate, when the RAF first demonstrated the civilising capabilities of bombing civilians from the air." Also if you put a machine-gun emplacement anywhere in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, for instance, it will only be next to antiquities. But that doesn't make </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> a valid target.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">There was another reason for the Iraqis placing machine guns outside museums. After the last Gulf war, when Kurds and Shiites of Iraq were encouraged by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> president to rise up against Saddam, several important museums and archaeological sites were looted in the chaos. Of the 4,000 precious objects missing (many more were destroyed), most stolen items followed the well-worn route to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Switzerland</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and, finally, to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, where many Assyrian pieces, broken up for easier transit, ended up on the art market or in the back rooms of antiquarian dealers. As a pariah state, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> could not get them back through official channels, but the Iraqis were still trying to buy some of them back from western collectors when the 2003 invasion started." Any responsible government must protect their cultural heritage," said a western expert. Dan Cruickshank, the architectural historian whose film on the subject was screened by the BBC, said, 'It is simply not true that the people of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> looted their own museum,' 'they have far too much respect for their own heritage to do that, he added.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">For all his faults, Saddam Hussein was protective of archaeology, promoting it for a national rebirth and a repeat of the glories of the past, and comparing himself to Nebuchadnezzar (what about US presidents as Roman emperors ) who had built the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Hanging</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gardens</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Babylon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. His rebuilding the old city walls with bricks embossed with his own name next to that of Nebuchadnezzar was a crime against archaeology and aesthetics. But to protect </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s heritage as a patriotic duty, five years ago, 10 men from near </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mosul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> who had cut the head off an Assyrian winged bull at Khorsabad, were executed.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">But such is the insatiable hunger of western collectors for eastern artifacts that Iraqis continue to loot and smuggle them out of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Some American and European experts say that most of the 33 missing items were taken in the first few hours of the collapse of Saddam's regime and were stolen 'to order'. Professor McGuire Gibson, an Oriental specialist from Chicago University and a member of the Unesco team investigating the thefts, had received reports that the 'top five' items among the 33 had been smuggled to Tehran and Paris within days of their removal. The loot of eastern heritage has continued since millennia. But ignorant Europeans have derided eastern civilization and culture. One ignorant Englishman gave more weight to works of William Shakespeare than the whole of Indian literature. Recently an uncouth Italian Prime minister described Muslims as culturally inferior.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">MESOPOTAMIAN AND EASTERN FOUNDATIONS OF WESTERN CIVILISATION </span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">In the arbitrary division of the world in to the West and the East along the straits of Bosporus, Dardanelles and Gibraltar ( from Arabic Jebel el Tariq ) or into Europe ( and USA ) and Asia, the Europeans first came in to contact with Asians and were either civilised or evolved their own civilization after encountering<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>superior and existing civilizations in Asia. These Eastern countries i.e. Egypt, Syria, Iraq , Iran and Turkey, now Muslim countries, have fallen on bad days .In their heydays of the Muslim empires, the Arabs ruled and civilised most of Spain and Ottoman Turks reached right up to the Gates of Vienna . They developed and spread culture and civilised </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Classical Greek and Hellenic works were translated into Arabic and thus saved as these had been lost in the west. As conservative fundamentalist forces emerged on top, Muslim empires and civilisation decayed and they were colonised by the west with superior arms for waging wars. As had been done earlier by the Indo-Europeans, Turks and Mongols. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">It is rather unfortunate that Muslims, because of Islam 's origin in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Arabian Peninsula</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> have classified everything that existed before it, even elsewhere, as Jahilya ( ignorance). Most lands conquered by the swords of Islam or Sufis and saints had ancient and flourishing civilisations. Thus, unfortunately little work has been done by Muslim countries to discover their hoary past, which are such rich sources of ancient history, culture, human thought and philosophy. Only tourism has made them take some interest in their past i.e. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and secular </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Even in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Government publications on their history start with 6th century Gök Turk empire (in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mongolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) and then come to 11<sup>th</sup> century AD after the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert by Turkic tribes. Thus a mis-conceived attempt is made to black out its pre-Greek, Greek, Hellenic, Roman and Byzantine past. The percentage of Turkic blood, mostly Turcomen would not be more than 15% in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Other examples are the governmental attitude to Pharaonic past in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valley</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Vedic past in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Most ancient Indo-Aryan and eastern writings were brought to world attention by western scholars. But some of them were not so enlightened and writing in 19<sup>th</sup> and first half of 20<sup>th</sup> century at the height of colonial period, tended to strengthen the notion of ruling white man's civilising mission and hence his superiority and supremacy over the native genius throughout history. The propensity of the Brahmins, the highest caste among Aryans, to control and keep everything to themselves i.e. their close family members or caste men led to lack of transparency and hindrance to the culture of writing. So there are few reliable records. Only the oral tradition remained. Lack of transparency persists even to this day in Indian polity encouraging nepotism, inefficiency and corruption. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is No 71 in world transparency order. Writing has been acknowledged as one of the most important tools of civilisation. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Apart from intrepid Buddhist travelers from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and others like Megesthnese, Alberuni, Ibn-batuta etc we have to rely mainly on Western sources or translations when it comes to the origins of history, religions, culture and civilisations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>As for the western bias we can see even today how CNN and BBC moderate, distort and even tell blatant lies about events taking place in Afghanistan, Pakistani, Jammu and Kashmir and now Iraq. Even TV channels like Discovery and National Geographic distort the truth. Truth is becoming a major casualty because of western control of communications and thought, more so after fall of the Berlin Wall. Pravada and Izvestia had exercised some check. But the so-called impartiality, especially of US media has been exposed by independent Arab channels like Al Jazeera etc during the recent </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> war on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">How Alexander "the Great " has been glorified as a Western conqueror of the East. He was a small town homosexual boy who was taught the intricacies of state protocol, running of an empire and the divinity of the emperor by older civilisations of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. If he had followed the advice of his teacher Aristotle and not learnt from the so called barbarians, his vision would have remained limited and shallow. The desert Arab tribes were civilised by the Byzantine courtiers and princesses in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Damascus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Sassanians from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> after being conquered by Muslim Arabs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>So were the nomad Central Asian Turks and Mongols (also by Chinese) by the Persians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">As there was little comparable civilisation in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Western Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and certainly </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in pre Christian era, they claim that there civilisation, culture and thought originates from the Greeks of Aegean and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>According to them, Greek civilisation and culture evolved and flourished in Crete and evolved when Greeks (pirates) coming from the Aegean islands settled on the west coast of Asia Minor (called Ionia-Yunani) There fore Minoan civilisation of Crete forms the basis of Greek and hence Western civilisation. It is too simplistic and illogical, if not downright absurd. Why not </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cyprus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Malta</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sicily</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">? At that time, there were flourishing civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Sogdiana and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persian Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> extended up to western Turkish coast with </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sardis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> as its out post. Most Greek city states in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> were under the Persians, who could cross over the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> or the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bosporus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> at will or occupy Greek lands. The first Greek victory over Persians is celebrated as </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Marathon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> race in sports. The first victory of the West over East! </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cretian civilisation is derived from Egyptian and Phoenician. Both are indebted to Mesopotamian, verily the mother of all civilisations, which evolved mostly between </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>southeast </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The evolution in human progress took off six millennia ago. But fourth millennia BC was remarkable, not only in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> but in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> valley and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valley</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. From family units polity developed into villages and cities, kingdoms and empires.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The cities were ruled by a god and in his name by the king.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>To begin with, the first deity was Earth, Mother Goddess. Civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> were created by Sumerians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Assyrians and others. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> got cylindrical seals from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the beginnings of writing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> civilisation is magnificent, well preserved but unidirectional and flourished in isolation, without the stimulus of exchange. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">If one studies the Egyptian or Pharoanic civilisation, much has been contributed to it by the Nubians of Upper Egypt. Many<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Pharao's had<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>thick lips and crinky hair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Or La la, Egyptians are bad enough and now to claim that the Sudanese might have influenced the Greek and hence the Western Judo-Hellenic Christian civilisation. Yes, after the development of civilisations in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nile</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> valley, it filtered to eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which became a cradle of civilisations, with exchange of ideas through trade and people. That is how the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">island</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Crete</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> acquired civilisation. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The achievement of a civilization may be expressed in terms of its best points—moral and ethical, aesthetic, scientific, and, not least, literary. Legal theory flourished and was sophisticated. Early on, it was expressed in several collections of legal decisions, the so-called codes, of which the best-known and the earliest is the Code of Hammurabi. Throughout these codes recurs the concern of the ruler for the weak, the widow, and the orphan. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">There are 25 firsts achieved by Sumerians.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>These include wheels, the plough, the loom, the potter's wheels, the brick, and the sail, working with metals and finally writing. Technical accomplishments were perfected in the building of amazingly accurate </font><a name="1MHUK"><font face="Times New Roman">Ziggurats </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">(temple towers resembling pyramids), with their huge bulk, and in irrigation, both in practical execution and in theoretical calculations. At the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC, an artificial stone often regarded as a forerunner of </font><a name="1MHUS"><font face="Times New Roman">concrete </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">was in use at </font><a name="1MHUQ"><font face="Times New Roman">Uruk </font></a><font face="Times New Roman">(160 miles south-southeast of modern </font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Baghdad</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">), The ultimate weapon to spread civilisations remains systematic writing. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Judaism, mother of all revealed Abrahmic religions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">West Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is claimed to be the first monotheistic religion. But it could have been perhaps influenced by Avestan/Zoroastrian/ pre-Vedic religions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mesopotamia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. In 14<sup>th</sup> century BC it was an Aryan Mitanni (a kingdom at the borders of Turkey and Syria) princess Gilukhepa, perhaps the well known and famous Nefertiti, who fully supported her husband Pharaoh Akhneton's (AmonhotepIV) efforts to bring in (and perhaps inspire) monotheism, for single God Aton (Sun or Mithra like!). This concept was too sudden and undermined the vested powers of the priests. It was dislodged and soon after Akhneton was removed from power. New work in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is moving in that direction. It was from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> that Moses led the Hebrews out to lay the foundations of Judaism. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Now let us take the story of Illiad and Odyssey. For Western culture and civilization, they are almost like Mahabharata and Ramayana are for </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, making its author Homer one of the most influential authors in the widest sense. The two epics provided the basis for Greek education and culture throughout the classical age and formed the backbone of humane education down to the time of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Roman Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the spread of Christianity. The Homeric epics had a profound impact on the Renaissance culture of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Italy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Since then the proliferation of translations has helped to make them the most important poems of the classical European tradition. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Illiad was finalised probably around 750 BC and Odyssey 650 BC (Greek writing started around 650 BC). It is felt that Odyssey, so different from Iliad was not composed by Homer, the blind bard born in Asia Minor, but probably by a young lady (a Jane Austin) somewhere on the Sicilian coast with time to spare.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Let that pass. But there certainly is historical basis for the story of abduction of Spartan King Menelus's wife Helen by Trojan Prince Paris. Menelus's brother King Agamemnon of Achaeans, then decided on a voyage of punishment and retrieval. This is when strangely an artificial line, straits of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, has been introduced by the Europeans to divide the world into East and West and the victory over Trojans is taken as of the west over East. Why?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Later Alexander made offerings at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> (also at Egyptian oasis Siva) before embarking on his conquest of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Ottoman Sultan Fethi after conquering </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Constantinople</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, also visited </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We need not go into the details of the two epics and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. But in the search to find the exact place and the time of the events, credit might be given to Heinrich Schliemann. Inspired by Iliad's description, he started digging at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> site but damaged the real </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>He was a mythomaniac and big liar. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Paris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s father King Priam King of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is an hour's walk on the Asian side from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dardanelles</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. This strategic site, controlling the sea borne trade from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Aegean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Black Sea</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and beyond has been inhabited since fourth millennium BC. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> 6, site of Homer's Illiad has been dated to about 1260 BC. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">At the same time, there was the majestic and magnificent Asian Hittite Empire (1800 BC to 1200 BC) in central </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, whose capital Bogazkoy 's citadel has a circumference of five kilometres. The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> fortress measures 200 yards by 150 yards. Excavations show that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> perhaps fell as a result of weakening by an earthquake. It was assaulted and set on fire, women and children taken as slaves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Evidence from Hittite archives indicates that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Troy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was a small state in alliance or subordinate to it. It was attacked when the Hittite empire was in decline and fighting its new enemy the Assyrians in the East. So all this 10 year long Great Trojan war drama was a storm in a tea cup in the ocean of Hittite Empire, which extended from north of Turkey to Syria and up to Babylon (Iraq.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Hittites were contenders for the control of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with the Egyptian Pharaohs and local Aryan </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">kingdom</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mitannis</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The regions linking the river basins of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oxus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Jaxartes, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ganges</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> have contributed more to religion, culture and civilisation than the rest of the world put together. Comprising of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Syria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Central</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and the Indian sub-continent, there has always been natural interaction in the area through travel, trade, migration and conquest for over five millennia, with many civilisations having also evolved and flourished in desert oasis. The more civilised areas were dominated first by Indo-Europeans charioteers and then the horse riders from Asian Steppes who shaped the Eurasian history. Aryans of India migrated from the steppes of north of the Black and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Caspian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seas</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Khazakhstan from 3<sup>rd</sup> to 1<sup>st</sup> millennia BC. Later Turks and Mongols migrated from the eastern Asian steppes to the Indian sub-continent, Iran and Turkey then known as Asia Minor, where as mentioned earlier had evolved and flowered ancient Greek and Hellenic thought, culture and polity as a result of interaction of incoming Greeks with the existing Asian civilisations of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Persia, and India beyond. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> has more Greek sites than </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Greece</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and more Roman monuments than </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Italy</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">With a continuous history this area has been the cradle of most civilizations, thought, philosophy and religions; pre-Vedic to Vedic religions, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Avestan, Zoroasterism, Manichaeism, Judaism, Christianity with its various strands and schisms, Islam and such bye-lanes as Alevis, Alawaites, Yezidis, Druzes and many others. Indo-Iranian, Ural- Altaic and Semitic languages have mingled with each other and local languages to produce such a mosaic of languages and tongues. Culturally, linguistically, ethnically and spiritually there is no region in the world which is so rich and diverse but also has so much in common. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Let us now take western (hence Greek) philosophy, which begins with Thales (who predicted 585 BC solar eclipse). Thales who established the Miletian school (near </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Smyrna-Izmir</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) speculated that everything consisted of liquid, his disciples Anaximander said there was unity behind multiplicity and Anaximanes that everything was vapour. They are considered spiritual forefathers of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">By 6<sup>th</sup> century BC schools of Jain and Buddhist philosophy were well established apart from Upanishads, Yoga, Charakva and Sankhya, which have an even older tradition perhaps going back to 8<sup>th</sup> century BC. While religion and philosophy in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> are fused; Buddhism, Jainism and some other schools started as philosophy of life without creating or relying on Gods. Socrates with his inner (intuitive) voice and trances with Plato made a team like Ramakrishna Paramhansa with Swami Vivekananda i.e. intuitive speculator and philosopher with his eloquent spokesman. We know about Socrates only from Plato' writings. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The Orphic and Pythagorean and later Parmenides philosophy or cults are similar to Indian philosophy. Perhaps the ideas had traveled via </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, hub of eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, then held in high regard as a place for learning and wisdom , where<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Greeks and others used to congregate and learn. Ugarit port on the Syrian coast was another meeting place for traders, travelers and wise men from the west i.e. Cyprus, Crete etc and east i.e. Iraq, Persia and India beyond. Greeks and Indians were employed in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Susa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, capital of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Persian Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which also ruled north </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. So exchange of ideas and philosophy was normal. Scylax, a Greek origin Persian subject from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was commanded by Emperor Darius to navigate river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Indus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Kabul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to its delta on the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Arabian Sea</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, from whose records Herodotus and West learnt about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Earlier Greek writings and thought had everything; logic, speculation, myths, mystery and beliefs. It's a difficult to say when the divergence between East and West commenced. And why? European rationalism and renaissance! Does it have something to do with the colder climate of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, which made them think more rationally and did not lend to development of intuitive powers. We can see the divergence even in the evolution of Christianity, Western and Orthodox.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Western theology turns towards dualism making a distinction between the spirit and the matter. Eastern theology maintains that spirit and matter are the two interdependent manifestations of the same ultimate reality. Christianity has been influenced by Mithraism (from pre-Vedic cult ), then very popular with Roman legions, senators and even Emperors who built Mithra temples all over central and east Europe and Asia Minor. Christmas is celebrated on 24 December eve, time of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Mithra's birth ( when the Sun starts waxing ).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The divergence between conscious intuition of the East and rational thought of the West was perhaps complete after de la Carte announced<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>"I think therefore I am. ' Of course there's no place for intuition in this. But many western scientists have declared that only intuition had led them to the discoveries of science. Zen masters use Kaons, apparently illogical riddles, to unlock intuitive powers. West then took as faith </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Darwin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s theory of evolution that mutations cause species to change at random and the fittest survives and not Lamarck's theory that species change because they make determined effort to change. It has played havoc with human history. Survival of the fittest theory brought in colonialism, imperialism and cultural orientalism. West also evolved divisive nationalism, Marxism, capitalism, ideological totalitarianism. For these causes and ideologies many scores of millions were butchered in, so far the most violent of all , the 20<sup>th</sup> century. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-pagination: none; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">And now globalisation (forceful promotion of western corporate interests), under the garb of economic deregulation and integration, creating a system akin to Capitulations ie granting sovereign power to foreign interests and expatriates, roles now played by local presidents, prime ministers and others. Capitulations undermined the mighty </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ottoman empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Globalisation is another ruse to control wealth around the world with out any accountability. No concern of the ruler for the weak, the widow, and the orphan. It started with the mercantilism of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Genoa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Venice</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> if not Miletians, when<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>merchants started emerging as power brokers in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">West now believes that there is nothing superior to human rational knowledge. In Greek philosophy, the idea of unwritten laws exists - which ''live always and forever, and no man knows from where they have arisen". Western belief in an external moral universe, to which men owe obedience, has been changed to a rational secular alternative to this moral structure. Isaiah </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Berlin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> advice that ''solutions to the central problems existed, that one could discover them, and, with sufficient selfless effort, realize them on earth'' has been lost. Popular religious belief in the West still remains strong, but since mid 20 century its elites have become secularized with radical autonomy and absolute freedom to do whatever one chooses - alone in the universe. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">What are a few centuries in human evolution ? Should we not change course. Does West need more stunning events like 11 September, which could be really devastating and catastrophic. The course being followed by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> neo-conservatives in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and elsewhere bodes ill for all. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><i>(K Gajendra Singh, served as Indian Ambassador to </i><i>Turkey</i><i> and </i><i>Azerbaijan</i><i> in 1992-96. Prior to that, he served as ambassador to </i><i>Jordan</i><i> (during the 1990-91 Gulf war), </i><i>Romania</i><i> and </i><i>Senegal</i><i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies Email-<a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com"><font color="#0000ff">Gajendrak@hotmail.com)</font></a></i> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/SaagFiles/SgDstrIqHertg9Jl.html#top"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman">Back to the top</font></span></a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: maroon"><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/index.html"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Home</font></span></a></span><span style="COLOR: maroon; FONT-FAMILY: 'Albertus Medium'"><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/new/newindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">New</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/papers/paperindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Papers</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/notes/noteindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Notes</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/archiveindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Archives</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/search.asp"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Search</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/feedback.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Feedback</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> | </font><a href="file:///C:/Users/gajendra/Documents/linkindex.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Links</font></a></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto" align="center"><span style="COLOR: maroon"><font face="Times New Roman">Copyright © South Asia Analysis Group </font><i><br> </i></span><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 7.5pt; COLOR: maroon">All rights reserved. Permission is given to refer this on-line document for use in research papers and articles, provided the source and the author's name are acknowledged. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes.</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-13937709123446029022009-10-15T04:35:00.001-07:002009-10-15T04:35:17.083-07:00AN INDIAN JOURNEY IN PALACE ON WHEELS<br><br> <div class="gmail_quote">---------- Forwarded message ----------<br>From: <b class="gmail_sendername">gajendra singh</b> <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:kgajendrasingh@gmail.com">kgajendrasingh@gmail.com</a>></span><br> Date: Thu, Oct 15, 2009 at 4:32 AM<br>Subject: AN INDIAN JOURNEY ON PALACE ON WHEELS<br>To: Gajendra Singh <a href="mailto:kgajendrasingh@gmail.com">kgajendrasingh@gmail.com</a><br><br><br> <p style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><strong><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>A JOURNEY THROUGH THE LEGENDRY </font></strong></span><strong><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><span> </span>FORTS , PALACES, CITIES, BIRD & TIGER SANCTUARIES OF RAJASTHAN AND </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">AGRA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">'S TAJ MAHAL </span></font></strong></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span><strong><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span>IN THE COMFORTS OF YOUR<span> </span></font></strong></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span></span></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt">PALACE<span> </span>ON<span> </span>WHEELS</span></i></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><span> </span></span></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>( Published in Turkish Daily News, Ankara, in 1997 )</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We reached early in the evening the less crowded Cantonment Railway station of India's capital city Delhi for a week long sweep through Rajasthan's historic cities, legendary forts and magnificent Palaces, bird and tiger sanctuaries, savoring its traditional hospitality and culture capped with a visit to Taj Mahal in our "Palace on Wheels". At the entrance itself there was <span> </span>festive atmosphere with guests being<span> </span>received with<span> </span>garlands by smiling former <i>khadims</i> of Maharajas . In all about seventy, we were escorted with traditional hospitality to our ethnically decorated but air conditioned bedrooms, mostly with two beds, hot and cold running water, shower, wash basin and WC. We quickly opened out our suit-cases , arranged our things and then strolled along the inter-connected<span> </span>saloons<span> </span>into a period bar<span> </span>where a handlebar mustachioed Rajput offered us a welcome cocktail .After meeting some fellow guests ,we spent some time in the library with its many books on travel and then walked over to the period dining car. Most guests were settling down. Yes, there were some Indians too, NRIs, one with his </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> spouse , retired Ambassadors , businessmen ,executives and others. Making polite conversation and sizing each other up, exchanging information and visiting cards. With whom to group with and spend more time. Soon the Palace on Wheels (POW) started rolling out towards its first destination ; Jaipur,<span> </span>Rajasthan's pink coloured capital. We settled down to gourmet food, with Indian, Western and Chinese delicacies to choose from and<span> </span>found it better fare than at India's topmost hotels during our stops .Being a little tired but excited in anticipation, we returned to the luxury cabin to sleep early to accustom ourselves to early morning schedules. On the way liveried bearers attached to each carriage of<span> </span>4 bedrooms and a cozy lounge<span> </span>inquired when could the bed tea be served in the morning -an old Indian tradition. We had to be ready by 0730 hours</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">2nd Day - Jaipur, the Pink city </span></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>.After tea in bed at 630 hrs with POW lined at the Jaipur station and a quick shower we went to the lounge for breakfast of juice ,omlettes, toasts, butter , jam , with tea or coffee. But at 630 hrs an assistant of<span> </span>the state Chief Secretary ML Mehta,<span> </span>had come to fetch us. Mehta and I had spent a year at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">National</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Defence</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">College</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in1976 and have remained friends since then. We passed by the other POW guests being welcomed at the station in the traditional Indian ceremoney with shehnai music, garlands and caprisoned elephants .Mehta's car took us to his sprawling residence for breakfast with him and his family with all buildings and shops<span> </span>on the way painted in the regulation rose pink. His son after a business degree exports<span> </span>Rajasthan silks, handlooms and handicrafts ,famous for its exquisite workmanship and beautiful bright colours. Meeting after 7/8 years we exchanged news and views and after a sumptuous breakfast<span> </span>left to join the group which after a drive through Jaipur city, planned with straight grid roads in 1727 by Maharaja Jai Singh would have reached </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Amber</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , residence of Kachhwaha Rajput rulers since 11th century till the construction of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">City</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>On the way we<span> </span>passed by<span> </span>Hawa Mahal, ( Hall of breeze and wind), built for the women inside to watch in privacy processions outside. It<span> </span>photographs impressively but is not so in reality. Because of<span> </span>advance publicity many monuments donot measure<span> </span>up to the expectations. Yes , Taj Mahal, Pyramids , Cappadoccia and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Petra</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> the pink Nabattean<span> </span>city did. But not </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Abu Simbel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Thames</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> bridge. Conveniently at Hawa Mahal there was a monkey dancing and a snake charmer too making a reptile sway to music.On way to Amber we passed by a shallow lake on the right I had first seen the lake and the city in 1967 as we drove down south through the hills from Delhi here.It was like passing through<span> </span>Khyber Pass ,the Cilician gates or from the Syrian gates onto Issos where Alexander defeated<span> </span>Darius III. We drove many times through it<span> </span>when my daughter Bulbul was studying at the<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Maharani</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gayatri</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Devi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">School</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Jaipur and later Tinoo was sent in 1975 from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Paris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> where I was posted ,to Mayo College Both the schools were established primarily to educate the children of ruling families. Rajasthan has many other good schools .</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Reaching Amber we<span> </span>mounted the last of the wheeling and swinging up and down elephants to go up to the Palace. The panoramic view from the<span> </span>Palace , one can see for scores of miles (ie enemy approaching )overlooking the lake is fantastic. We visited a replica of Moti Mahal, palace of mirrors with the guide demonstrating<span> </span>with a candle its<span> </span>multi-image stars effect. After the Palace<span> </span>many went to the State Handicrafts Emporium for shopping but we drove down to Hotel Ram Bagh Palace , the last of the Royal Jaipur residences , a wing still occupied by the current Maharajah of Jaipur, (whose polo playing father and beautiful step mother Gayatri Devi were popular celebrities on French Riveira and the exclusive salons of Paris and London) We ate from<span> </span>a lavishly laid out bufffet lunch. I found it spicy and hot but many in the group just lapped it up.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>After lunch<span> </span>we saw the observatory, built by Maharajah Jai Singh , a great astronomer and the<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">City</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, mostly in yellow and white -an exception to the rule ,which now as a museum displays Royal arms, textiles, jewelery, carpets<span> </span>and has the usual shopping center<span> </span>for tourists. We returned to POW only to freshen up and were driven up to hilltop Nahargarh Fort ,one of the Maharajah's resting places, from where the twinkling lights of the city below enhance the feeling of being in a dreamland. Till 1942 it used to be the treasury and it was rumoured that soon before </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s independence<span> </span>plane loads of jewlels were flown out to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. While we were having drinks before dinner a programme of folkloric dance, music and fire breathing magic tricks was arranged .The lead dancer thought herself no less than courtesan Umrao Jan from whose film she enacted some dance numbers. By this time everyone looking after us knew about me .The Rajputs were very proud that one of them was </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s Ambassador .They refused to accept any money for drinks. We were<span> </span>happy to meet them. We returned to POW and our beds. It had been a tiring day , but already we were dreaming of the Chittorgarh Fort , with its hoary legends of Rajput valour and sacrifice and the marble palace in Pichola </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">lake</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Udaipur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Day 3; Chitorgarh Fort and </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Udaipur</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">.</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Another early start. After breakfast we got into buses at 0730 hrs to drive up the hill through the seven massive fort gates( called Pols in Rajasthan )to Chitorgarh.- a stronghold of Sisodia Rajputs, who established their rule here in 6th cent AD and built up this highest Fort at 500 ft on this oblong hill .Three times they were attacked ; first in 1303 by the<span> </span>forces of Turkish Sultan Allauddin<span> </span>Khilji, then Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1534/35 and finally by Moghul Emperor Akbar<span> </span>in 1567/68 .But each time they refused to submit and tens of thousands died while fighting<span> </span>to the last man, with their women immolating themselves in fire( called Jauhar). After the last defeat they shifted to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Udaipur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> .Unlike Jaipur Rajputs they<span> </span>refused to give their daughters in marriage to the Moghuls. So the Maharanas of Udaipur ie<span> </span>Mewar are ranked highest among the Rajputs .Of the many legendry and hallowed spots is<span> </span>the 125 ft high </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Tower</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Victory</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, a masterpiece in Jain architecture, built to celebrate victory over </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gujarat</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ruler. Here we drank coconut<span> </span>juice ,visited the Kali temple, which Rana Kumbha had built in 14 th century, after the 6 th century Sun Temple was destroyed by the Khiljis and the palace of legendry Queen Padmini who had refused to give in to the Khilji Sultan and<span> </span>instead prefered to immolate herself . After a comfortable but non-descript 110 kms bus drive we reached Udaipur, surrounded by hills providing<span> </span>strategic protection and artificial lakes dug<span> </span>for drinking water and agriculture, When hard pressed Maharanas Partap and Udai Singh even left it to subsist on grass leaves but would not submit to the Moghuls even symbolically.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>After reaching Udaipur City Palace , one of the largest in India, we saw<span> </span>marble Jug Niwas Palace floating on lake Pichola , now a hotel, one of the prettiest and most entrancing sights in the world ; its Maharani suite being very popular with honeymooners .We were taken there by a motorboat and received with garlands and Aarti by two comely Rajput maidens in true Rajasthani traditional welcome .The Palace has an atmosphere of langurous haze and relaxation.You feel like doing nothing ,just relax and gaze at the surroundings including another red sand stone Jag-mandir Palace on the lake and the reflection of the City Palace on the shore. A fabulous buffet lunch was laid out. Hungry, we did justice<span> </span>quickly and rushed to see my elder brother Prof Virendra Singh ,who has been teaching<span> </span>there since mid 1960s . So<span> </span>whenever I go to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> I visit him. We surprised them as the telegram of my arrival had not reached them . His wife Vishya is the daughter of Ramkot Rajah and grand daughter of Dulha House of Jaipur ,where<span> </span>in 1968, when we first went there I was outdrunk by her mother in law and some other ladies, although most ladies donot drink. It was a chastening experience as at that time I could outdrink Turks , Sikhs and many others .Vishya was most hospitable and distressed that we would stay but<span> </span>an hour or so as we wanted to see the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">City</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>with its terrace gardens and penthouse suites for the Maharanas and their consorts .<span> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>We caught the POW group and went round the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">city</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>with its long and glorious history, its rulers claiming descent from the Sun god and saw the<span> </span>costumes , armoury and other belongings of the Maharanas..We then walked over to the neighboring Palace with Chandeliers with a marvelous view. One of the Maharajahs had ordered from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> everything made in crystal; tables ,chairs, sofas and even beds. Some of those Maharajas were really crazy. In the audience hall sitar and tabla provided soothing music while we had pastries, sand-witches, pakoras, cold drinks and tea.We went out to the balcony<span> </span>to watch once again the beautiful ethereal view of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">lake</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> as the dusk<span> </span>was descending. We then rushed to Sahelion ki </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bari</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, a garden created by Maharajah Sangram Singh for his daughter to stroll around with her friends. The illuminated fountains, run on water head differential , piped from Fatehsagar Dam, made it like the Hassasins paradise<span> </span>in medieval times. To please the princess, in one corner the fountain showers created the tip-tip sound and a feeling of rainfall ,so rare in a desert. After this we made the return journey and at a tea stop I could not help but eat some hot crisp Kachchoris risking infection .We were<span> </span>back into the POW , which soon starts rolling. We showered<span> </span>and had drinks in the bar and<span> </span>a leisurely dinner with most passengers animated and excited. Next stop was Swai Madhopur, hunting lodge of Jaipur Maharajah with its tiger and animal sanctuary and the tenth century Ranthambore fort , for which we must start early to see the birds and animals waking up. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">And catch the tigers going out for the morning drink.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Fourth Day ; Sawai Madhopur and Tiger Sanctuary at Ranthambore</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>While having bed tea ,through the dark windows of the still POW we could see the still life at Sawai Madhopur station coming to slow animation as if in a surrealist tableau. People<span> </span>waking up, yawning and<span> </span>tousling up their hair ,slowing walking to the water hydrant , brushing teeth with neem twigs. A new wave film director would have to just<span> </span>let the camera roll on.We got up from our reverie , gulped down our tea and were the last to join the waiting jeeps which were<span> </span>ready to drive us to the sanctuary to look for tigers. We passed by normal scenes of village life , with people going about their business<span> </span>leisurely ,<span> </span>water buffalows lolling in water ponds,<span> </span>birds<span> </span>chirping etc.<span> </span>After entering through the gates of the sanctuary ,on right hand side 250 mtrs up ,we could see the ruins and<span> </span>ramparts of the Ranthambore fort. When Alauddin Khilji stormed it in 1303, twenty thousand women commited suicide (jauhar). We drove across the fields along miles and miles of the lake ,hanging onto the jeep railings. We saw various kinds of birds ,deers, chinkaras and other animals.Other groups like us guided us to where a tiger had been spotted.We looked for normal tiger signatures - the panicky reaction of<span> </span>birds and baying of terrified Sambal deer, tiger's most favorite meal. It appeared to be a wild goose chase going up and down till finally we saw one from quite a distance.(It can be seen in its video captured glory<span> </span>filmed with<span> </span>telescopic lense ) Everyone was happy and we returned to the POW for a late breakfast. Our next destination was the golden city of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jaisalmer</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in the middle of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Thar desert</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, not far from the Pakistani border. I tried to read about<span> </span>what we had seen and what was to come .We were excited and drawing on our adreline flow, now we realised how fatigued we were<span> </span>after 3 hectic days of sightseeing ,drinking and eating<span> </span>well and not getting enough sleep. We had a few pre-lunch drinks in the restaurant car with fields, villages and many forts in distance passing us by .After a<span> </span>leisurely lunch a hazy languor took<span> </span>over and we returned for a long siesta. It was Diwali day, the festival of lights to celebrate the victory of virtue over evil ,so as the dusk fell , we could<span> </span>see fireworks in the sky and lamps and candles being lighted up in the villages and hamlets along the rail track.. Late in night for a little while we stopped at the deserted Jaipur station for the change of the POW service personnel and then proceeded on to Jaisalmer .We needed to sleep well to recuperate ;for the next three days schedule was equally exciting and physically hectic.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><span> </span>Fifth Day; Jaisalmer of </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Golden</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Castle</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">, carved stone mansions and<span> </span>camel ride</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>The early morning golden sun , which has inspired poets and laid the foundation of religions through millenia was just bathing the ramparts of<span> </span>99 bastion massive sandstone castle founded by Rawal Jaisal in 1156 AD, with many additions of later date, making it aglitter like a giant gold jewel. Coming out of the POW we looked at it, photographed it and continued to gaze at it from the dining car while savoring the special Indian breakfast of puries and curry<span> </span>Inspite of reading and seeing prints the sight was awesome in grandeur.We were given a very a<span> </span>warm reception, as Jaisalmer located on trade routes in ancient and medieval times has little going for it now except tourists , with tens of thousands coming here every year and charmed by its castle and Havelis and doing word by mouth publicity. It enchanted Indira Gandhi when she visited it. It gets attention being near the Pakistani border ; the other reason for its fame is nearby Pokharan, where<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> conducts its nuclear explosions.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>But we first went to Gadi Sagar lake ,into which a rainfed desert river empties ,which sustains the citizens and animals year round .Lack or failure of rainfall can be catas-trophic . Around the lake are places of worship and pleasure with their myths and legends ,of rich courtesan and recalcitrant Rajah.The musicians serenading the guests welcomed us with local tribal women hawking<span> </span>silver trinkets. We had another magnificent view of the castle looking<span> </span>like a barnackled Noah's Ark .But first we went to the Havelis ( mansions) of rich traders and Viziers, who using local golden yellow sandstone and abundant local artisan talent have constructed beautiful buildings with carved balconies, latticed windows called Jharokas and designer facades.They were just magnificent and<span> </span>open to public viewing.The bazars were just like my birthplace Bhiwani on the edge of the desert. I had a cold so I bought cough syrup to keep it at bay for a few more days .I was tempted to eat juicy sweets , but was afraid of getting infection. We then went to the giant castle , built on a triangular hillock on the advice of an oracle. My own ancestors although originating from another state<span> </span>Karauli<span> </span>belonged to the same clan of Jadon Rajputs. We went up passing by the gates , listening to myths and legends of chivalry and romance .At some spots<span> </span>young turbanned kids (as also near the Havelis) on the approach of tourists broke into singing and dancing .Cute little boys they were ,joyous and colorfully dressed .We listened to the<span> </span>history of Jaisalmer and passed by<span> </span>living quarters, some still being used .At the end we reached a cluster of Jain temples, a pacific vegetarian sect of Budha days vintage but popular among traders of West India , particularly in Rajasthan and Gujerat. Exquisite and intricate carvings of various incarnations of its founder Mahavir Jain could be seen along with his life story depicted in beautiful stone carvings. We had lunch in a new hotel and some rest in POW.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>We then drove out to Sam Sand Dunes 80 km into the desert for the piece de resistance ; a camel ride. It was fantastic for first timers; the undulating ride , rows of colorful camels riding on pure </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> like<span> </span>sand. For real enthusiasts there are camel safaris<span> </span>all over Rajasthan.<span> </span>Midway<span> </span>there were musicians singing and playing on harmonium, Indian version of accordian. Far away from everywhere , tourists feeling liberated , high spirited<span> </span>and happy spontaneously broke out into a celebration of dancing . A pure<span> </span>expression<span> </span>of joy and abandon . Many were taken up and danced with gusto. Private enterprise provided hiked up cola and water, even for your camel .By the time we returned to the starting point, a welcome cup of steaming tea was waiting and across miles of<span> </span>sheer desert sand horizon the Sun was about to set in. So we<span> </span>sat down to relax and watch it go down slowly with the sky slowly becoming orange red and crim-son.. Only a desert sunset is like that. So different from sunsets of<span> </span>mountain tops , hills, lakes and seas. We returned to POW to wash up and change .Most ladies dressed<span> </span>to kill and even men were all dolled up for an evening fare of local folk music and dances in the serene surroundings of Moomal Tourist Bangalow under a clear desert sky. We were in a partying<span> </span>mood ; out to enjoy and dance.. First some<span> </span>ladies joined in with<span> </span>the local dancers and then almost everyone did and what an enjoyable evening it turned out to be .In the end it was disclosed that one of the sinuous dancers was infact a boy.<span> </span>It had been a long and exhilarating but a tiring day. We were awed ,satiated, amused<span> </span>and entertained and returned to POW to go on to Jodhpur of<span> </span>Mehrangarh fort, one of the most picturesque forts to be seen anywhere in the world. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><span> </span>Day 6, Jodhpur , Marwar stronghold of<span> </span>Rathores.</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Today morning we did not have to hurry up, so after a leisurely breakfast, we boarded the bus for the Mehrangarh fort of Jodhpur, founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha , his<span> </span>dynasty at its zenith of<span> </span>glory, although it had begun in 1212.. We slowly walked up its various gates , as usual welcomed by groups of musicians . The ramparts and balconies were<span> </span>high and there are legends of chivalry , love , bravery and sacrifice. In 1679 when Aurangzeb tried to convert its citizens to Islam, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jodhpur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> with Jaipur which had supported he Moghul dynasty joined up with<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Udaipur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and successfully defeated his designs. Like<span> </span>Mediterenean coastal<span> </span>cities which are white colored, or cream / white stone </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Amman</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jodhpur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> buildings and houses have<span> </span>light blue color wash. They<span> </span>must look dreamy on full moon nights. Romantic and ethereal. We saw the private premises of Maharajas , their ornate bed rooms , the creche rooms and other places with fantastic views and a hazy Taj Mahal like silhouette far away of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Umaid</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bhavan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, the only palace built in the 20th century. We were shown<span> </span>how a Rajasthani turban was tied It is not easy. I had carried two tied ones to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dakar</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ( </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Senegal</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ) in 1978 for my<span> </span>first credential ceremonies (also for </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Banjul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">,<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Praha and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Guinea-Bissau</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">).The Rajputana Rifles had sent their professional turnbanmen to do the job. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jodhpur</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> fort even has a mosque. We then drove to white marble Chhatris, the Hindu crem-ation cenotaph of the Royal family. It was quite some thing with<span> </span>the tourist guide exagge-rating the similarity between<span> </span>names Christ and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Krishna</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , the latter propounded Bhagvat Gita, the essence of Hindu philosophy. Never mind that ,we drove through the city to the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Umaid</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bhavan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Palace</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, now a hotel with a wing occupied by the Royal family. The Maharani personally ensures the cleanliness and upkeep of the Mehrangarh fort<span> </span>and when in residence the Maharaja , who<span> </span>was once<span> </span>Ambassador in the Carribean, comes down to mingle with the guests and see that they are happy. Umaid Bhavan in light pink sandstone with a beautiful garden at the back and an excellent view of Mehrangarh is massive but modern. Its architect Lancaster was influenced by Lutyens, who designed </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> residence of the English Viceroy, now occupied by Republican India's President. It was built as a famine relief project to provide employment to the ryaya of the kingdom in 1930s. After an excellent<span> </span>lunch laid out for us , we returned to our POW to relax and some<span> </span>went for shopping. The train started early to reach at 0600 hrs next day morning at Fateh-pur<span> </span>Sikri , the<span> </span>exquisite capital built by Moghul Emperor Akbar, but he was not destined to<span> </span>stay there. We were very fortunate. The epicenter of full Sun eclipse was around the nearby Bharatpur bird sanctuary.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span></span><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"></span></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Day 7;Bird sanctuary, Fatehpur<span> </span>Sikri, TAJ MAHAL and </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt">Agra</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt"> Fort.</span></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>' --Only let this one teardrop, the Taj Mahal, glisten spotlessly bright in the cheek of heaven <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>for ever and ever-- '<span> </span>Rabindra Nath Tagore</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>It was as well that we had an early night, although being the penultimate day, beginning to feel nostalgic of new friendships we had celebrations. After a few drinks , I opened<span> </span>Champagne bottles and there was a special dinner .We thanked the dining car staff and room attendants .As an Ambassador ,belonging to the Rajput caste I had all along been given great respect and pride of place. I made a short<span> </span>speech thanking the POW staff<span> </span>for their<span> </span>warmth and hospitality . They were superb.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span>But<span> </span>the last day was going to be<span> </span>tough. After quick<span> </span>bed tea, we got into the luxury bus at Fatehpur Sikri to drive to Keoladeo Ghana National bird sanctuary, excavated out of a swamp to form a large fresh water lake in 1902 by the Maharajah of Bharatpur. Around 350 bird species are sighted every year including during peak winter season<span> </span>Siberian cranes. We reached in time for the eclipse to commence. A large number of people from all over India have come to witness the total Sun eclipse; for this was a rare chance , as it was for us also. We looked at the flights of birds , of so many kinds. This was going to be<span> </span>my first fully photographed and video-taped total eclipse. How the Sun's rays and light dimmed slowly The birds started making unusual noises , fearful and uneasy. It was not the usual chirping<span> </span>we had heard on arrival. This was an unusual change of light for them. Soon it was almost total darkness early in the<span> </span>morning. around 0830 hrs. It looked weird and we felt weird. No wonder our ancestors thousands of years ago gave such different and<span> </span>fanciful meanings ,religious imputations and forecasts to such events in which many still continue to believe. And who knows , there may be some truth in them. Then the Sun emerged slowly from the shadow of the Moon and the Sunlight became normal. Once again peace returned , the birds were calm<span> </span>and chirping quietly .With many hundreds others in the Park<span> </span>we had collectively gone through a unique almost mystic experience.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>We then realised<span> </span>that we were hungry so we were taken to a Garden restaurant and enjoyed a buffet breakfast and moved on to Fatehpur Sikri, architecturally a beautifully designed city , near a permanent water source river Jamuna . Begun in 1567 it took 7 years to build but it didnot flourish. Akbar had to spend most of his time around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Lahore</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to guard against attacks from the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">North West</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. and the Jamuna's course shifted away. Now situated in between the towns of Fatehpur (named after Akbar's victory in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gujarat</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">) and Sikri, it is a marvel of city and palace planning. There are separate Mahals and suites for Akbar's many queens from different countries and religions, including one for Rumi Sultana from Turkey ,another for his chief Queen, a Rajput princess, mother of his son and heir ,Emperor Jahangir and a Christian one, all with their places of worship. After him it became a common practice to have Rajput princesses as queens , with in laws playing important role in successions and<span> </span>holding key posts, like Commanders of Armies and bringing in the fiercely loyal Rajput warrior community into the Moghul fold ,which helped in laying the foundations of the Empire and its expansion .We also visited the Dargah of Shiekh Salim Chisti, who predicted birth of 3 sons to Akbar ;where people still flock to get their<span> </span>wishes fulfilled. It is located in a large Mosque, whose courtyard of 110 and 140 mtrs can accomodate thousands of faithfuls and is entered through a magnificently carved Islamic style high gate called Bulend Darwaza. We then drove to Taj View Hotel for lunch.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Taj Mahal was built by Moghul Emperor Shahjahan in memory of his favourite queen MumTAJ ,whose death left him inconsolable and wherein the two now repose in peace. With generations of peace and accumulated wealth ,during Shahjahan's reign, the Mughal Empire reached its zenith of creativity .It took two decades and up to 20,000<span> </span>workers, artisans and artists at a time to shape his dream into an everlasting luminous poetry in marble. The famous Peacock Throne was also created during Shahjahan's reign. First timers have<span> </span>anticipation of encountering one of the<span> </span>wonders of the world The first dazzling view should be seen from the main entrance and not the side one. We had some argument about taking my cameras inside, but the attendants were dimwitted. So I gave up. The group oohed and aahed and admired it from far and from near, from this angle and that and from all distances<span> </span>It is one human<span> </span>creation which more than fulfills all your expectations and transcends it . It is a different vision at different times of the day and<span> </span>night ,month, season and year. It is beyond description .One has to see it to appreciate it and be seduced by its everlasting<span> </span>rapturous beauty , height of human endevour in architecture<span> </span>to chizzle an Emperor's dream into a shimmering vision in marble .Shahjahan was perhaps the guiding light as few authentic names of<span> </span>architects are mentioned ; although among others one Isa Effendi Bey in Persian accounts is mentioned.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>The last visit was to magnificent Agra fort , built by Akbar in 16th century, Moghul's first opulent residence<span> </span>before<span> </span>Aurengzeb permanently shifted the capital to Delhi .It is a marvelous example of Moghul planning , garden landscaping ,architecture and construction with its Jahan-giri Mahal ,suites and chambers for the queens , concubines , harem girls, khadims and Halls for private and public audiences ,its beautiful pearly Moti Masjid, all framed<span> </span>among lovely gardens and green spaces. Situated on river Jamuna it has a<span> </span>panoramic sweep over the river bend<span> </span>with a clear view of Taj Mahal from a distance .Alas Shahjahan, its builder ,was imprisoned here by his son and successor ,Emperor Aurangzeb and could only philosophise at the tragic turn of events. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Educated ,entertained and dined on gourmet dinners , treated<span> </span>like a Maharajah for a hassle free<span> </span>week , but exhausted<span> </span>we returned to our Palace on Wheels to recall , ponder,<span> </span>assimi-late , think<span> </span>and savor these memories for ever. It was some trip ,to be able to see so much in so little time. To see<span> </span>what we did will take at least twice the time and twice the money with<span> </span>the hassles of transferring to hotels and airports , hustling for taxis, queuing for Palace and fort entrance tickets, looking for Guides or<span> </span>tea, mineral water or soft drinks and right restaurants for lunches and dinners .When the Chairman of Indian Railways was planning to bring out the moth-balled old Royal railway saloons and carriages used by erstwhile Maharajas and Nawabs of the Indian princely states for these travels, he was being so demanding that his adviser on tourism RK Puri, exclaimed "What you want is a Palace on Wheels." And that is what they have created. The<span> </span>original saloons<span> </span>having done duty the current ones while less luxurious are<span> </span>more comfortable and functional with attendants at your service all the time .Tour escorts like Atul Jhala, scions of old ruling families with their grace ,quiet charm, dignity and politesse of nobility ensure air-conditioned coaches with professional tourist guides, many professors or experts in arts and culture, awaiting<span> </span>you, without any worry of entrance fees ; cool drinking water or tea when you might wish for , escorting you to the best of shopping ; silks ,handicrafts , gifts for the loved ones and souvenirs .The comforts of a Maharajah created in a Republican India. What more can one dream and wish for ?.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Amb.(Retd) K. Gajendra Singh<span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ankara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ,1997</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-40441593591806087832009-10-14T04:36:00.001-07:002009-10-14T04:36:04.476-07:00CONTRIBUTION OF TURKIC LANGUAGES IN THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUSTANI LANGUAGES<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><a href="http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/turkish.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">CONTRIBUTION OF TURKIC LANGUAGES IN THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT <b>...</b> </font></a><br> <font face="Times New Roman">CONTRIBUTION OF TURKIC LANGUAGES IN THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENTOF HINDUSTANI LANGUAGES. <b>K</b>.<b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>. 1. The term </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustan</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> <b>...</b> <br> <span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/turkish.html">www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/turkish.html</a> - 42k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:cULmLI-p1V8J:www.cs.colostate.edu/%7Emalaiya/turkish.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.cs.colostate.edu/%7Emalaiya/turkish.html"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></i></font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp?ID=5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Türk İşbirliği Ve Kalkınma İdaresi Başkanlığı</font></a><br><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...</font></span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> Ahmet Mutahir, Avrupa-Orta Asya İlişkileri. <b>Singh</b> <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b>, Türki<br> Dillerin Hindustani Dillerin Evrimi ve Gelişmesine Katkısı. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp?ID=5">www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp?ID=5</a> - 22k - </span></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:tlB24bvZqaQJ:www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp%3FID%3D5+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp%3FID%3D5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">Similar pages</font></a></span><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p> <h1 style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman">CONTRIBUTION OF TURKIC LANGUAGES IN THE</font></span></b></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman">EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HINDUSTANI</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"><font face="Times New Roman">LANGUAGES</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">K.Gajendra Singh</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">1. The term </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> has been used consciously so as to include </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> in it, by which name</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the Sub-continent was known before its partition in 1947. This paper concentrates mainly on</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">languages as spoken by the masses, with their natural variations and not so much the written and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the literary forms. We will consider the two major languages, Hindi and Urdu, which are widely</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">spoken in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, although claims have been made that Urdu evolved out of Hindi and that</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindi is only Urdu written in Devanagari script. But the fact of the matter is that both Urdu and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindi have evolved from the same colloquial base of Hindustani which was the lingua franca of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> till its partition. As the well- known scholar and outspoken historian Khushwant</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Singh says, since then the Indians have made Hindi more Sanskritised and Pakistanis Urdu more</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Persianised, with the result that it is difficult for a common man to understand either Hindi or</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Urdu, specially their Radio and TV broadcasts. However, in spite of politically motivated and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">necessary corrective measures which new ruling elites usher in to change the complexion of the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">official language, if not the language itself, as has happened both in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> as well as in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">the lingua-franca spoken by the common man in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, specially those who are illiterate or</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">semi-literate has not changed that much since 1947. The best proof of this is the language</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">employed in Hindustani films made in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Bombay</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">) which really represents the spoken</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">language of the masses in most of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, and which also remains equally popular in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Whenever the film language became too Sanskritised, the films have not been very popular. At</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">the same time, when a film on 'Razia' (a Turkish Queen of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">) utilised too Persianised Urdu,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">its lack of popularity could in some ways be attributed to the difficulty of the masses in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">understanding it. Hindustani with its vast vocabulary, form and literary variety provides the lyric</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and dialogue writer all the richness, elegance and nuances to express himself. Incidentally,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">according to Encyclopedia Britannica (1990 Edition), more than 35 million Indians declared</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Urdu as their mother-tongue while in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Pakistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> the number was less than one- fifth i.e. 6.7</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">million. (The compilation is old and estimates conservative.) Various forms of Hindustani are</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">spoken or understood by over 70% of Indian population. The </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Bombay</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> films have played a major</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">role in spreading Hindustani in non-Hindi/Urdu speaking areas of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">South India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and North-East. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2. The name Hindustani written as Hindoostanee was coined by an Englishman, Mr. J. B.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Gilchrist (1759-1841), who was the first President of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Fort</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Christian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">College</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Calcutta</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> which</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">trained British Civil Servants for service in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Mr. Gilchrist also wrote a dictionary of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani and its grammar. As mentioned earlier, from Hindustani have emerged two literary</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">languages, Hindi in Devanagari script with literary and vocabulary borrowings from Sanskrit</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and Urdu in modified Arabic script with borrowings from Persian. Hindustani is much older</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">form than Hindi or Urdu and many times it referred rather to the region and not so much to the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">race or religion. As a matter of fact before the advent of Muslims and others in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">languages spoken in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> were known as various Bhashas or Bakhas. Hindustani evolved</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">out of a score of dialects which are inter-related among themselves and to it. Some of these</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">dialects and languages are Hindwi, Khariboli, Brij Bhasha, Awadhi, Bagheli, Chhatisgari,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Bundeli, Kanauji, Bhojpuri, Maithili, Gujari, Rajsthani and when it was spoken in South it was</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">known as Deccani That these languages are dialects of Hindi as claimed by some is not strictly</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">true. Brij Bhasha was an important literary medium in 15th to 17th century. Both Brij Bhasha</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and many other dialects are genetically of different Prakritic origin than Khariboli. All earlier</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindi literature is in dialects other than Khariboli which became standardised and popular by</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the end of the 17th century and language of literature only in 19th century. Brij Bhasha continued</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">as a medium of poetry till late 19th century. Thus, strictly speaking, the language of modern</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindi literature is different from that employed in earlier period. The same can be said about the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Urdu which came to be written in the present form from 19th century onwards, although Urdu</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">poerty flourished much earlier. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">3. One of the earlier writers of Hindustani was Amir Khusarao (1253 - 1325) a remarkable</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">scholar of Persian and Arabic but of Turkish origin. He is claimed both by the Hindi as well as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Urdu protagonists. His dictionary, Khaliq-bari, in verse, of, Persian, Arabic and Hindi words</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">helped spread Persian and Arabic words and development of Hindustani. In recent times,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">writers like Premchand have been claimed both by Hindi protagonists as well as Urdu</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">spokesmen. The only difference was that the same writer wrote some times in modified Arabic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(Persian) script and some times in Devanagari script. In this paper we would use the word</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani to include Hindi, Urdu and the other forms like Khariboli, Hindvi, etc. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">4. The general perception is that Hindustani and its earlier forms evolved out of interaction,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">since 11th century AD, between Muslim invaders, rulers, traders and religious men and others</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">who had come and settled in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> from the north-west and the local Indian population.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Persian was then the language brought by sophisticated Muslim ruling elite from abroad, which</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">was used for administration, courtly intercourse, etc. Thus the main interaction was between</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Persian and the Apbhramsa variation of Prakrit in North and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">West India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, in particular the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Suraseni variety spoken around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and later with the Dravidian languages in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Deccan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, out of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">which Hindustani evolved and developed slowly and unevenly. Many of the books on the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">evolution and development of Hindustani were written by the Englishmen in 18th/ 19th century,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">who learnt and used it for administration as officers of the East India Company and the British</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Empire. It is doubtful if any of them knew Turkish as by the time they arrived on the scene, the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">pre-ponderence of Persian during the latter stages of Mughal empire was well established,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">although some Turkish was still taught in some Medrasas and households. Persian and Arabic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">continued to be taught at universities and schools during the British rule. Therefore, no credit at</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">all except for some vocabulary is given to Turkish languages in the history of development of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Urdu, Hindi or Hindustani. It is, of course, conceded that the word Urdu (Ordu in Turkish) itself</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">is of Turkish origin and it means army or military establishment, which was inducted into</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Persian by 9l -Khanid historians and accepted in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> by Sayyed ruler Khizr Khan for use by</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">his army and the Court, under the Timurid influence. By 17th century, during the Mughal rule, the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">term, Urdu was generally applied to the imperial camp. The language Urdu/Lashkar</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Bhasha/Hindustani perhaps started developing seriously as a means of communication from</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">end-12th century AD between the incoming Muslim rulers, soldiers, traders etc. and local</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">population, for use in administration, for trading with native shop-keepers, in harems, where</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">women and attendants were mostly of Hindustani origin. While Turks yielded to Persian words</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">in matters of administration, poetry and social intercourse, they retained many Turkish words for</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">military titles, weapons, military commands and organisations. Turkish derivations also exist in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the hunt and hunting, also in terms expressing relationships and conduct in court among the ruling</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">classes. We must not overlook the role played by Sufi saints in spreading Islam among the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">masses by using the new evolving Hindustani. Even today, tombs of Sufi saints are revered</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">equally among Hindus. The objective of the paper is to advance the view that the Turkic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">languages apart from vocabulary, have contributed much more than is acknowledged, both in the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">basic structure as well as in the development of Hindustani languages. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">5. The vast stretch of area comprising </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, north-west </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Anatolian Turkey, Northern Iraq etc. has seen intermingling of various races, cultures and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">languages throughout history. At least since the days of Mauryan Empire in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> (4th century</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">BC) many rulers with their capital in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> had </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and parts of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> in</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">their domains. Therefore, the language of these rulers and their religion spread into </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Eastern Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Mauryan Emperor Ashoka and others sent Buddhist preachers up</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and many of the tribes there became Buddhists. Turkic tribes like Sakas,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kushanas, when they settled on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">'s borders and inside it also adopted languages and</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">religions of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. They also adopted Indian scripts which were also transferred to Central</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, specially Eastern </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. The way for exchanges was well-known, through the valley of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kabul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> river, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Peshawar</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, Jalalabad and through well known routes to Tarim basin. As a matter of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">fact this area provided links for commercial, cultural and political exchanges between </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> on</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">one hand and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Western Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> on the other, where intermingling of people</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">with diverse culture, race, ethnicity, religion such as Indians, Turks and others took place. In this</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">area, Budhist stupas and shrines, a large number of Bhudhist writings in Prakrit and writings in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Sanskrit as well as in local languages of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, in Indian scripts like Brahmi and</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Devanagari have been discovered, apart from a large number of secular documents, written on</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">wooden tablets, leather, paper and silk. There are also translations from Sanskrit in Kharosti</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">script. Translations include astronomical and medicinal subjects. Documents discovered in 10th</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">& 11th century from Turfan region which can be seen in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Berlin</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> cover subjects like medicines &</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">calendar based on Indian sources. Of course, the Turkish in these documents is quite different</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">from the present day Turkic languages (Uighur and Cagtai group) spoken in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Eastern Turkistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> i.e</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kazakhstan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kyrghystan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Uzbekistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and the Sinkiang region of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. As many philosophical,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">spiritual and religious terms of Bhudhism and even Hinduism did not exist, they were inducted</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">from Pali & Sanskrit into Turkish. Thus Turkish acquired many words of Pali and Sanskrit</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">origin, some of which have even gone into other languages; Ratan becoming Ardhani is an</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">example. An example how words change is illustrated from the Budhist word Dhyan</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(meditation), which became Jhan in Chinese and Zen in Japanese. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">6. Although the influence of the Turkic languages on Indian languages began in all seriousness</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">from 11th century AD onwards to which we will come to later, various Turkic tribes began their</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">interaction with </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> much earlier than that. After the collapse of Mauryan Empire in 3rd</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">century BC, a number of Central Asian Turkic tribes, known as Sakas in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and Scythians in</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">West, came to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and settled down there. Sakas were actually forced towards </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">by Central Asian tribes, Yueh-chih, who also later entered </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Sakas ruled from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Mathura</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(South East of Delhi) and their well-known Kings in 1st century BC were Rajuvala and Sodasa.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">They then shifted west to Rajasthan and Malwa. Yueh-chih's chief, Kujula-kara Kadphises</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">conquered </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">North India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> in 1st century AD. He was succeeded by his son Vima, after whom came</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">famous Kanishka. Kanishka's tribe is known as Khushanas in Indian history. Their kingdom</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">based with </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Peshawar</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> as capital extended as far as Sanchi in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Varanasi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> in East</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">and also included large parts of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Not surprisingly, administrative and political</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">terms from north and west </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> influenced similar terms in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Kushanas became</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Budhists and Kanishka spread this religion in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and elsewhere. Other major tribe</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">which entered later in 6th Century AD were Huns, a branch of Hephthalis or white Huns, whose</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">first king came to be known as Toramana in early 6th century and whose son Mihirakula was a</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">patron of Shavism, a branch of Hinduism. It has been said that these and other tribes which had</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">come earlier moved into Western and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> i.e. in Rajasthan, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Gujarat</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and Western</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Madhya Pradesh, especially after the break-up of the Gupta Empire. Many historians claim that</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">by virtue of their valour and other qualities, these tribes were able to get themselves</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">incorporated into the hierarchy of the Hindu caste system i.e. Khatriyas and are known as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Rajputs (sons of Kings). It is no wonder that the Mongols and other Turkic speaking people</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">were able to form relationships with Rajputs so very easily. It is possible that some words of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkic languages might have been then absorbed in dialects or languages spoken in Rajasthan,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Gujarat</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, where these tribes settled. A common word is 'kara' which in Turkish</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">means 'black' and used for the same colour in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">West India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and as 'Kala' in the rest of the country.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">It is a moot point whether the word 'bai' which is written in Turkish as 'baci' and pronounced as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'baji' which means sister or elder woman has persisted from those days. But it was in areas of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Rajasthan and nearby, closer to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> where the seeds for the development of Hindustani</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">languages were sown. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">7. After the expansion of Islam into </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> this religion soon spread to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. The Turks as</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">they advanced towards </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Anatolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> via </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> were also Islamised.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Being a simple but hardy people from the Eurasian steppes, where life was austere and without</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">frills, once the Turks acquired kingdoms, they also acquired along with it symbols and ways of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">culture and civilisation, including the use of more sophisticated Persian (and Arabic), the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">language of the people they conquered. (To begin with Omayands had also taken over Byzantine</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">system lock stock and barrel in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Damascus</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">). It is noteworthy that except in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, which</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">remains the home of Turks and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Anatolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> i.e. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> (and Azeri areas), in most of the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">other areas they ruled, the Turks adopted the language of the ruled, albeit they introduced some</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">of their own vocabulary and influenced the grammar of the language of their subjects. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">8. In the medieval history of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, the Turkic tribes played a major role among the Muslim</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">conquers and rulers who came and made </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> their home. The Turkic raids began in the first</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">half of 11th century starting with Sabuktgin and the process of establishment of their kingdoms in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">North & West of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> started from late 12th century. Although Sindh was conquered by the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Arabs, soon after the establishment of the Abbassid Khalifate in 8th Century AD, this played</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">directly only a marginal role in influencing the culture and civilisation of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. It is</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">interesting that in Malayalam (language of Kerala), Hindustani is known as Tuluk Bhasha and the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">word Tulukan used for Muslims and Tulukachi for Muslim woman. The languages spoken by the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">people of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> is called Tuluk Bhasha. This is interesting because the relations between the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Kerala coast and the Arab world predate Islam and there has been constant interaction between</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Malabar coast</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> of Kerala and the Arab world but still the word for a Muslim is Tulukan. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">9. The impact and embedding of Islam and Islamic and Turkish culture into </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> took place</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">during the Turco-Afghan period of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">'s history from end-12th century to early l6th century</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(and continued during the Mughal period). Even if some of the Sultans and rulers claimed</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Arabic or Afghan descent, the majority of the elite consisted of people of Turkic & Turanian</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">origins ( not many of these tribes and individuals came from the Rumi Seljuk or Ottoman</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">territories.) Many of them came as simple soldiers and some period chieftains. From the very</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">early days of the Islamic history (second half of Abbassid period), many non-Turkish kings and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Sultans maintained Turkish households of slaves brought over from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> which</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">provided them loyal soldiers and military leaders. Many of them rose by hard work and merit</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and reached the top ranks of the ruling elite and King makers. Some even became Sultans. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">10. Some of the prominent names of Turkish rulers in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> are Mahmud of Ghazni,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Muhammad Gori, Kutubuddin Aybak, Iltutmish, Balban, and of course, Khiljis (known as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Halach, in Turkish kh becomes h) and Tughlaks. According to some estimates, the Turks</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">comprised up to 60% or more of the ruling elite during the medieval period of Indian history. It</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">should also be noted that Timurid King, Babar, founder of the Mughal dynasty, was a Cagtai</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turk and wrote his Babarname in Cagtai and not in Persian. So did his sons Humayun and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Kamran write poetry in Turkish. However, by the time of Akbar's reign the percentage of Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">chieftains in the ruling elite had been reduced to one-fourth. It was a conscious political</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">decision, as Turks and specially Mongols, nomad by life style, are more independent by nature</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and believe in equality and freedom. The Turanian/Mongolian concept of ruler ship is vested in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the family and not in an individual. Humayun and Akbar had great trouble in subduing and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">disciplining their Turanian/Mongol origin nobles. Preference was given to Persians, Afghans &</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">converts. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">11. It has been rightly claimed by many scholars in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">South India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> that a considerable process of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">development and even preservation of Hindustani took place in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Deccan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> where it came to be</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">known as Deccani, although the seeds of the birth of the language had been sown in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">North India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">from where it was taken to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Deccan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> by Muslims conquers starting with Turkish Khilji (Halac)</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">rulers and later Tughlak (again Turkish) rulers; Muhammed Tughlak even shifted his capital to</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the South for some time. Later a large number of kingdoms by Turkic tribes, in which they</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">formed a fairly large proportion of the elite, were established in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">South India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, i.e Bijapur,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Golcunda, etc. When Allaudin Khilji conquered </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Deccan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, the appointed Turks as chiefs for each</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">villa e to look after its security, safety and administration. Most of them called their relatives to</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">assist them. Thus both in the beginning of the evolution of Hindustani in the North and later in its</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">further development in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Deccan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, a majority of the elite was of Turkic origin who while using</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Persian for administration must have used Turkish at inter-personal level and thus helped</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">continue evolution of Hindustani in its various forms. The Deccani period also saw influx into</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani of not only Dravadian words but also its influence on its grammar and syntax and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">vice versa. We might even say that the Deccani period probably saved Hindustani from</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">becoming totally Persianised as perhaps happened to it at many places in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">North India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">12. It has been estimated that Hindustani and Turkish have thousands of words in common,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">mostly from Persian and Arabic, Some estimates put them around three to four thousand, with</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">over five to six hundred words of Turkish origin in Hindustani. The comparison is basically</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">with the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">'s Turkish (of Oguz family), which since 1930s has been purged of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">many Arabic and Persian words. Perhaps the number of common words between Hindustani and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkish as spoken in East, i.e. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Uzbekistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and East (Uighur and Cagtai family) could, perhaps,</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">be more. Some examples of Turkish words in Hindustani are: Top, Tamancha, Barood, Nishan,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Chaku, Bahadur, Begum, Bulak, Chadar, Chhatri, Chakachak, chikin (embroidery), Chamcha,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Chechek, Dag, Surma, Bavarchi, Khazanchi, Bakshi (accountant), Coolie, Kanat, Kiyma, Kulcha,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Korma, Kotwal, Daroga, Koka, Kenchi, Naukar, etc. Obviously, the number of Turkigh words in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani is not as large as that of Persian and Arabic, because, the latter was the language of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">the Holy Koran (although Seljuk Turk rulers in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> had discouraged use of</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Arabic except for religion), which exercised influence over all believers and the former was the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">language of administration and aristocracy. I presume studies on the influence of Turkish on the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Persian language and Arabic, have been done. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">13. Hindustani has surprising similarity in Grammar and Syntax structure with Turkish, though</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">origins of both the languages are from different language families. For example, normally both in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani and in Turkish first comes the subject, then the object etc. and finally tie verb, i.e.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">SOV order unless emphasis is to be given, with somewhat similar stem endings. There are</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">considerable resemblances in the declensions of the verb in Turkish and Hindustani. But,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkish has only one gender while Hindustani has two. As I know soma Arabic, I can say that</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">there appears no similarity at all between Hindustani and Arabic syntax and grammar. I know</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">little Sanskrit or Persian grammar, but both languages belong to the same family of Indo-Iranian</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">group and my feeling is that their syntax is also closer to Hindustani. While Persian like Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">has one gender, Sanskrit has three, i.e. male, female and neuter. Sanskrit also allows more</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">flexibility in the placing of subject, object, etc. It may be admitted that human beings while</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">evolving speech patterns did not have much choice in shuffling subject, object, verb, etc. Still</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">that Sanskrit/Persian syntax is somewhat similar to Turkish, is a somewhat strange coincidence,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the latter belonging to the Ural-Altay group of languages. With Hindustani the similarity is</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">further accentuated. It may also be noted that the areas from where Turkish and Indo-European</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">languages emerged in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> were not far from each other. Some similarities with Sanskrit</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">are: dvihyrdaya (carrying two hearts, pregnant), in Turkish "iki canli" means, the same, two</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">lives. In Hindi/Sanskrit, we have Chitrakar (painter), Murtikar. In Turkish we have "Sanatkar"</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(Artist), Curetkar (courageous). Sun in Sanskrit/Hindi is Dinesha, while in Turkish it is</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">"Gunes." First segment in both "din" and "gun" means day - perhaps linked with sunrise in cold</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">climate. We may also note that the syntax of Germanic languages is quite different from Sanskrit</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and Persian, which are supposed to belong to the same family of Indo-European languages. We</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">may now look at more similarities between Hindustani and Turkish. (Please note that in Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">C is pronounced as J and C as Ch, G is silent when placed between vowels, which it</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">accentuates. H: stands for Hindustani and T: for Turkish.) </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">14. There are no articles or declensions in Turkish or Hindustani; the relationship of the words</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">are expressed through 'case endings' as well as post-positions. (It would be interesting to study</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">if Turkish helped speedy change-over from declensions to post-positions from Apbhramsh to</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani). The infinite noun functions as nominative and as indefinite. The accusative has thus</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">two forms: the definite (with accusative ending) and the indefinite (the same as the nominative).</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Thus, "call a girl" - H: "ek larki bulao" T: "bir kiz çagir" but "call my servant", H: "mere naukar</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">ko bulao"- T: "Benim hizmetciyi çagir". The word order in Turkish and Hindustani is same</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(This is also so in the following examples). </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">15. The genitive comes before the agent e.g. 'the son of the teacher' T: 'ustanin oglu' H: 'ustad ka</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">beta'. The genitive also expresses possession: 'whose house is this?' T. "Bu ev kimindir?", H:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'Woh ghar kiska hai?'. If a noun is in present, it goes into the genitive. It must therefore be</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">constructed as: 'the man(he) has a house', T: "Adamin bir evi var", H: "Adami ka ek ghar hai".</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Also 'to have' as incidental possession is similarly expressed: "I have a book", T: 'Ben de bir</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">kitab var', H: 'mere pas ek kitab hai'. The ablative is also used to express the comparative case:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'the elephant is larger than the horse' T: 'Fil attan buyuktur', H: 'Hathi ghore se bara hai'. For</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">emphasis both languages use the Arabic adverb 'ziada' - for more. 'In addition it can be rendered</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">as in T: 'daha' or in H: 'bhi'. The adjective is before the active or passive voice and does not</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">change except in the case of (in H) adjectives ending with a. "The/a good girl, T: "iyi kiz", H:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Achhi lardki". The adjective can be strengthened in both languages through simple repetition as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">well as through the adverb "very much " T:( pek çok); H:( bahut).In H:' Ahista ahista' (slowly),</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">T:' yavas yavas'. Quickly becomes, T: "çabuk çabuk", H: 'Jaldi Jaldi'( not used in Arabic and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Sanskrit perhaps). Sometimes alliteration is used, for example, H: 'ulta multa' mixed up. The</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">alliterations are found especially in the passive or active voice (substantive) e.g.;. H: "kitab</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">mitab" - books and suchlike and "bartan wartan"- dishes and suchlike, "Hara bhara"(Green),</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">"Chota mota"(small). In Turkish, 'kötu mötu' (so-so), 'çocuk mocuk'(children etc), 'tabak mabak',</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">(plates and suchlike). Popular in both languages are doubled substantives: Turn by turn or "again</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">and again", becomes in T: "dizi dizi" and in H: '</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">bari</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">bari</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">'. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">16. Distributive are also thus expressed: "each man", T: "bir bir (or tek tek) adam," H: "ek ek</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">adami", the interrogative further contains the meaning of the indefinite: "whoever", T: "kim kim",</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">H: "jo jo". With number it is, T: "iki defa" H: "do dafa" (twice); 40 doors, in H: "Chalis</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">darwaza", T: kirk kapi. In both languages numbers are preferably expressed without 'and/or' e.g.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'five or ten', H: panch das, T: bes on. Post positions are characteristic in both languages; 'for the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">dog'in H: 'kutte ke vaste', T: 'köpek için'; and towards the house', H: 'ghar ke taraf', T: 'evin</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">tarafina'. As mentioned earlier, the verb is always found at the end of the sentence. The normal</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">sentence structure SOV is illustrated as follows: 'I give this thick book with pleasure to that</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">good child', T: ben sevincle, o iyi çocuga bu kalin kitabi veriyorum, H: 'main khushi se us achhe</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">bacche ko yeh moti kitab deta hun'. In Turkish, verbs are often used with a Substantive or</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Participle e.g. 'etmek' to make and 'olmak' to be, in H: 'karna'- to do, and 'hona' -being. For</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'search' T: 'telaÿ etmek', H: 'talas karna'. Or 'be present', T: 'dahil olmak' H: 'dakhil hona'.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Factual verbs are also similarly constructed. H: 'bana' (made), 'banana' (make), 'banwana' ( have</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">it made); in T: 'Yapmak' (make), 'yaptirmak'( have it made), ;yapilmak'(to bo made); H:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'Badalna'(to change oneself), 'badlana'(changing), badalwana (to have it changed) becomes in T:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'degismek' (to change onself), 'degistirmek' (to change) and 'degistirtmek (to have it changed). </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">17. Indirect speech is made direct 'tell him to come here', H: 'Idhar ao usko bolo', T: 'buraya</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">gelsin diye ona söyleyin'. The verb root ending - ip in Turkish and the simple verb root in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani attached to the principal verb show the order of occurrence of an event. For example,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'they saw the thief and held him fast', H: 'chor ko dekh umon ne usko pakra', T: 'Hirsizi görup</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">yakaladilar'. The constructed verbal form (in Turkish)- arak and (Hindustani)-kar, -arke serves</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">in the rendering of Subordinate or dependant clauses - 'in which, during' e.g. 'taking a vessel, he</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">went to the well' H: 'bartan lekar kuan par </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">gaya</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, T: 'Canak alarak kuyuya gitti'. Also common</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">adverbial expressions such as 'he came running', T: 'Kosarak geldi', H: 'daurkar aya'. As in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkish the twice repeated verb root plus e shows repeated or continuous action, as does the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">twice repeated verb of the present participle, H: 'main tairte tairte thak </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">gaya</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">', T: 'Yuze yuze</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">yoruldum'. Both languages have a number of vowel compositions, (in Hindustani) as when the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">root as well as the (in Turkish) root plus a are set together with the declenated infinitive e.g. 'to</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">be able to speak' T: 'konusabilmek', H:'bol sakna', 'he began to say' H: 'woh bolne laga', T:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'Söylemege basladi'. Some similarities in idiomatic expressions are: the showing of suffering is</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">pointed out through the expression of 'eating'- e.g. H: 'lakri or mar khana'; T: 'Sopa yemek' - to</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">eat the stick - to get a beating. Endure suffering or to grieve, becomes in T: 'Gam yemek', H:</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">'gham khana'. (Note: Many of the above mentioned examples have been taken from a 1955</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">article by Otto Spies on the subject - the only paper on the subject I have come across since I</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">published my earlier paper on 1.6.1994.) </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">18. The examples quoted above on the similarities of syntax, vocabulary, etc. Between Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and Hindustani are based on comparison with the Ottoman and the present- day Turkish i.e. Oguz</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">branch as spoken in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Syntax etc. of Turkish is quite similar to Eastern</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkish i.e. Uighur branch although there are variations. But certainly the Eastern Turkish must</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">be closer to Hindustani as most of the Turkic tribes who came to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> belonged to that</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">area. It may also be mentioned that of the common words in Turkish and Hindustani, whether of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkish origin or otherwise, 20% have quite different meanings and nuances when used in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani. This, of course is, true of even languages which have developed and evolved in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">separate regions and are influenced by the environment and other factors and become quite</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">different from the original. Even in Turkic countries, the same words have different meaning e.g.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> or say in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Sinkiang</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kazakhstan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> or </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kyrgyzstan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. It is for this reason that the Turkic</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">governments have set up Commissions consisting of scholars from Turkic speaking countries of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Azerbaijan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> to prepare a comparative dictionary and grammar. (last</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">such attempt was made by Mahmud AI Kashghari in the 11th century AD.) The newly</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">independent countries in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> feel that they must harmonise the syntax, grammar and</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">vocabulary of their languages. This has been the objective of many get togethers of Turkic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">people, scholars and academicians, which have started taking place. Perhaps some Sanskirt,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Hindustani and Persian scholars could also join and discover further resemblance between</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkish and Hindustani languages. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">19. We will leave it to linguists and philologists to work out how Hindustani languages evolved</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and developed but to a layman it is clear that people learn or try to learn the ruler's language or</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">of a dominating power. It is for this reason that we see the dominance of English and French in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">their former colonies and the lasting influence of these languages on the languages of the latter.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">And it is for this reason alone that English continues to dominate international communications,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">earlier because of the British influence and now on account of ths </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. I believe that even</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">whene languages were imposed, it is not as such the movement of races, as claimed, but only of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the powerful elites; military, political or economic. There were Copts and Berbers in North</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Africa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> when the Arabs came and Byzantine Christians when Turks entered </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">sent over 1.5 million Christians to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Greece</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> in 1920s out of a population of over 11 million, in</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">exchange for Muslim Turks; this was after 6 centuries of Islamisation and Turkification.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">(Ironically, these included many thousand Christian Turks, who had come to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> earlier</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">than the Muslim Turks and had remained Christians.) </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Moldova</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">'s Turks called Gagaoz are</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Christians. Thus the languages and religions of the ruled do not change quickly and continue to</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">interact and affect each other. So was the case in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and elsewhere. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">20. According to linguists the evolution of Hindustani or any other language is a result of contact</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">situation in which more than two languages interact on the basis of belonging to the ruler and the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">ruled. The socio-linguistic forces give power and prestige to the languages of the ruler with the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">result that it begins to exercise linguistic influence on the language of the ruled. First in the field</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">of vocabulary and later on in some vulnerable areas of syntax. But linguistic resemblance, apart</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">from common parentage, can also be based on geographical and physical proximity. Essentially</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">different but geographically and physically proximate languages are often known to exhibit</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">shared linguistic features. This probably explains similarities in Sanskrit and Turkish as these</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">languages originated around </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. This also explains the similarities between</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages or Persian, Turkish and Hindustani. This feature was</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">studied in detail by Mr. Emeneau, which led him to develop the concept of linguistic areas.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">perhaps </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Anatolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, lran, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Afghanistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">North Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> could be said to belong</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">to overlapping linguistic areas, where languages belonging to different families have acquired</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">common traits following interaction, as a result of which, this vast area shows shared linguistic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">features like word-order, reduplication, inter-relations, negations, compound words etc. This</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">also explains similarities between Deccani Hindi and Telgu in certain areas of syntax. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">21. It is noteworthy that except for some inscriptions near Orhon river, which are in Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Rhunic script, which itself was derived from Aramaic (a fact contested by many experts), the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">mother script of Semitic languages, Turkish has been mostly written in the script of the ruled</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">people. Brahmi, Kharoshti and Devanagri scripts, though not of the ruled, are perhaps the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">earliest of scripts used for writing Turkish as spoken by Uighur Turks in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Eastern Turkistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. They</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">were used in spite of many difficulties in expressing the Turkish vowels (not easier to write in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Persian or Arabic script either) which do not exist in Hindustani languages. Brahmi script is of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Indian origin; it might have been inspired by the Aramaic script, but is not related to it and was</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">used widely in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> even before the Budhist era and was used by Mauryan King Ashoka</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">for inscriptions in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and elsewhere. It was taken to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and other neighbouring</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">countries. Out of Brahmi have evolved most other North Indian scripts like Devanagari, Bengali,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Gujarati etc. Apart from the modified Arabic script, the other scripts used for writing Turkish</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">are Cyrillic, introduced by the Russians in what are now </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asian</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, although at</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">one time it was written in the Latin script. This change-over to Cyrillic perhaps took place both</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">because the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkish</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> had adopted it in early 1930s and for reasons of state, i.e.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">maintaining a scriptal cohesiveness. The Russians wanted its citizens in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> to use the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">same script as of the dominant Russian language for easy switch over. It has been alleged that</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">during the Soviet days, differences in meanings of Turkish words in different republics were</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">encouraged. Thus Turkic languages have evolved differently in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Eastern Turkistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, i.e.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Uzbekistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kyrghystan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kazakhstan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> etc</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. Sinkiang Turkish with reduced contacts has perhaps</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">developed peculiarities of its own. To remedy the situation, the Government of Turkey has</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">granted tens of thousands of scholarships to students and teachers from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. A</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">large number of Turkish teachers have also gone to teach at schools and universities in these</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">countries. Students coming from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Uzbekistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Kazakhstan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, Kyrghystan, etc. take a few months</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">before they can fully master the Turkish as spoken in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkish</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. The Turkic</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Republics have considered the question of change over from the Cyrillic to the Latin script.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Azerbaijan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> has already done so after adding three more alphabets to the script used by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkmenistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> had decided to switch over to the Latin script with some modifications from 1st</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">January 1995. Others have not decided yet. The choice is not easy as switch-over to Latin script</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">while opening a window to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and all that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> has done through translations and</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">assimilation of knowledge from the West, would cut these Republics from their immediate past,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">written in the Cyrillic script. Switch over to the Arabic script would be a political decision, as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">it will make access to the Persian-Arab Islamic world easier. Those responsible for the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">decision for the change-over have to consider political, cultural, religious, economic and other</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">ramifications. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">22. It would appear that the Turkic rulers were much more statesmen-like and liberal in</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">interaction with those whom they ruled. They did not insist on their language being imposed on</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the new subjects, notwithstanding the fact that the languages of some of the ruled were much</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">more developed than Turkish. (For beautiful, like, love; for example, Turkish has very few</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">synonymous, unlike say Persian, Sanskrit, Arabic, etc.) It has also been suggested that many</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Turkish rulers became Muslim for political and state-reasons. It automatically combined the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">powers of the Sultan and the Khalifa, thus making it easier to rule the domains. Of course, as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">regards Turkish expansion of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Ottoman Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and into </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, being a Gazi provided great</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">incentive and booty. Some have even raised doubts whether Ertugrul, father of Osman who</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">established the Ottoman (Osmanli) dynasty in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Anatolia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">) was Muslim by birth. It has</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">been suggested that he converted to Islam when he married the daughter of a powerful Islamic</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Sheikh to strengthen his position. But there is no conclusive proof for this, notwithstanding the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">fact that many Turks like Gagaoz and others have remained Christians. Some suggestions have</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">been made recently (Prof. Julian Raby of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Oxford</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> has done a PhD thesis on this subject) that</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Fetih, the Conqueror of Constantinpole, seriously considered in 1450s embracing Orthodox</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Christianity, as Westwards the population was mostly Christian and even in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia Minor</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> a fairly</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">large percentage of population might still have been Christian. lt was nearly 15% in as late as</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1920s. The generosity of the Turkish rulers and their political wisdom and acumen is proved by</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">the fact that they allowed people of other religions i.e. Christians, Jews, Armenians to have their</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">own millets. As long as they paid their taxes, they were allowed to run their own affairs and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">even contribute to the economic well-being of the state. As regards </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, then known as </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Minor, it was part of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Byzantine Empire</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and the Turkish blood (if one can measure it?) among</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">the residents of the present day </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> may not be more than 20%. It may be recalled that the</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Ottoman rulers themselves used the slave households system called Devsirme, through which,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">for hundreds of years, they recruited young non- muslim Christian boys, mostly from Balkans.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Out of them emerged the Janissary corps and high level military and civilian leaders, including</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">grand veziers. Only one-third of grand veziers could claim Turkish descent. Barring a few,</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">mothers of most of the Ottoman Sultans were non-Turkish, a large number of them Christians.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">The former were allowed to have their religious entourage and many Ottoman princes were</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">brought up almost as Christians. These examples have been given to state that Empires did not</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">change their religious, ethnic or linguistic character suddenly. There were long periods of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">interaction between various religions, races, languages and cultures, one affecting the other. No</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">wonder, in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Istanbul</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Ankara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and elsewhere in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, many resemble the peoples of Balkans</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Yugoslavia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> who dominated the Ottoman elite. In fact, anthropologists have counted more</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">than 20 ethnic groups in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">23. Similarly in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, once the Turks had decided to settle down, they started inter-mingling and</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">inter-mixing. Allaudin Khilji and his sons married daughters of Hindu Kings and from the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">earliest period set an example. Hindus occupied positions of power in his court. The practice of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">marriages with families of Hindu Kings, especially in Rajasthan became very common after</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Mughal Emperor Akbar. Akbar and his descendents gave full honour and positions to their</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">in-laws. Many of them were Mughal Commander-in-Chiefs and high officials. Accountants and</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">many Veziers like Birbal were Hindus. If Mehmet, the Conqueror, thought of embracing</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Christianity, Akbar conversed with the sages of all religions, of which his populace consisted of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">and even evolved a new religion 'Din-e-Elahi'. In contrast, Aurangzeb following fanatic policies</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">virtually destroyed the empire, built up by his forefathers. The inter-mixing and respect for</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">others' languages, religions and culture co-existed with some equality and were able to influence</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">each other. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">24. The objective of this paper is to start discussions and further research on the question of</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">influence of Turkic languages on Hindustani languages, especially on Hindi and Urdu and their</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">various forms. Except from late 18th century till first half of 20th century there was constant</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">exchange and interaction between the peoples of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Central Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">. (After </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">'s</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">independence, she was able to maintain cultural and other contacts with Turkic people in the</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">former </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Soviet Union</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">.) Now that, after the break-up of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Soviet Union</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, countries in Central</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> like </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Uzbekistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkmenistan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">, Kyrghystan, Kazakhastan, have become independent, more</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">contacts and cultural and literary interaction can and should be established. The new era</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">provides an opportunity not only to discover old historical and cultural relationships between</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">the peoples of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and others, based on archives available in newly</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">emerged </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Turkic</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Republics</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"> and elsewhere and those lying unutilised and unread in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">Hindustan</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">;</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman">but also to build on them further.<span style="mso-tab-count: 7"> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>30 March ,1998</font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-tab-count: 8"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </span></font><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"></span></i></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-76523805762750637642009-10-14T04:32:00.001-07:002009-10-14T04:32:39.151-07:00Some Comments-CONTRIBUTION OF TURKIC LANGUAGES IN THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENTOF HINDUSTANI LANGUAGES<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><font face="Times New Roman">CONTRIBUTION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>OF<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>TURKIC<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>LANGUAGES</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><font face="Times New Roman">IN<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>THE<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>EVOLUTION<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>AND<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>DEVELOPMENT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>OF</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><font face="Times New Roman">HINDUSTANI<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>LANGUAGES</font></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">CONTRIBUTION OF TURKIC LANGUAGES IN THE EVOLUTION AND DEVELOPMENTOF HINDUSTANI LANGUAGES. <b>K</b>.<b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b>. 1. The term </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Hindustan</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <b>...</b> <a href="http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/turkish.html"><font color="#0000ff">http://www.cs.colostate.edu/~malaiya/turkish.html</font></a></span></font></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><span style="COLOR: black"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman">Although the influence of the <strong>Turkic languages</strong> on Indian <strong>languages</strong> began in all seriousness from <b>.....</b> <strong>Boloji</strong>.com is owned and managed by <strong>Boloji</strong> Media Inc <b>...</b><br> <cite><a href="http://www.boloji.com/history/023.htm"><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">www.</span><b><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">boloji</span></b><span style="FONT-STYLE: normal">.com/history/023.htm</span></a></cite></font></font></span></p> <p class="g" style="MARGIN: auto 0in"><a href="http://www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp?ID=5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Türk İşbirliği Ve Kalkınma İdaresi Başkanlığı</font></a><br><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><b>...</b> Ahmet Mutahir, Avrupa-Orta Asya İlişkileri. <b>Singh</b> <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b>, Türki<br> Dillerin Hindustani Dillerin Evrimi ve Gelişmesine Katkısı. <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp?ID=5">www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp?ID=5</a> - 22k - </span></font></font><a href="http://66.102.11.104/search?q=cache:tlB24bvZqaQJ:www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp%3FID%3D5+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en&ie=UTF-8"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Cached</font></a><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> - </font><a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&q=related:www.tika.gov.tr/yayinlar_etudler2.asp%3FID%3D5"><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff" size="3">Similar pages</font></a></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt"><font size="5"><font face="Times New Roman">SOME<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>COMMENTS</font></font></span></u></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>-in your excellent paper... your brilliant<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>historical research--- .</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">PN Haksar</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.; Principal Advisor to PM Indira Gandhi,</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Deputy Chairman Planning Commission of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Diplomat etc.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Thanks for your scholarly thesis.... I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>read with renewed<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>interest<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>your<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>paper<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>influence<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Turkish on our language.......<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>lot of erudition has gone into it-- we can discuss it when<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>you<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>come<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>to Delhi.....</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">S. Khuswant Singh</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">; Historian, writer , journalist, member of Parliament .</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">“I read the article with great interest, since precisely the same thing had been one<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>of the main discoveries<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>my own earlier research into the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>phenomenon of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>India ( South Asia ) as a * linguistic area * , culminating in a book (1976) and several articles The “discovery” was that many putative “South Asian “ features turn out, if we only deign to examine their full distributions , to extend beyond the sub-continent, and to be shared with the languages of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Central Asia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>particular.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">It seems<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>you have with very astute observation independently discovered many of the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>same shared features<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>I <span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>noted , plus a few additional ones.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Colin P. Masica</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Professor Emeritus , South Asian Languages & Civilizations and Linguistics ,</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Chicago</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>read your paper with great interest... the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>most<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>comprehensive<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>study of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>the South Asian ‘linguistic area’ was done by Prof. Colin Masica, University of Chicago...in his book... you might find another<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>of his books quite informative...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof. Alice Davison</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>, Dept of Linguistics,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>University of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iowa</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Thank you.. for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>very interesting enclosure.. shown to ..Dr Erica Gilson, who ,specialises in Turkish Linguistics and has shown great interest..</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Bernard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Lewis</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Princeton University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New Jersey</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">... I am very much interested in’”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>languages in contact” and how , in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>addition to lexical borrowings, languages of different typologies may be affected. As you correctly point out. very little systematic research<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>has been carried out regarding the relationship between the languages of the sub- continent and the Turkic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>languages<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>....Perhaps we can pursue the matter jointly..</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof. Erika H. Gilson</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Princeton</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University.</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Jersey</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Thank you... for the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>interesting and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>intriguing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>paper.....I have very much enjoyed reading your article. You<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>have<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>laid out<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>issues with great<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>clarity, and in a way which helps to remove the current distortions<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>brought to the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>field<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>language<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>use<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>in India ...Your specific<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>comments on similarities between Hindustani and Turkish are also very interesting...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Dr. Rupert Snell</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , Head of Department of Languages and Cultures of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">South Asia</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">School</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Oriental</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and African<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Studies, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">London</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">I found your article very informative, and I was quite amazed to learn about the Turkic influences on Hindustani, though it makes sense, and I entirely agree with you that linguistic interaction and translation proceeds differently from the imposition of foreign rule...</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Gyan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Prakash</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Associate Professor, Dept. of History , </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Princeton</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">I find your paper both scholarly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>interesting( and agree entirely with your<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>opening remarks regarding the artificiality of the Hindi / Urdu divide ...)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Philip Lutgendorf</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , Associate Prof. of Hindi and Modern<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Indian Studies,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iowa University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iowa</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">..</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>am grateful for the off-print of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>your fascinating article<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>in the “Foreign Policy” It<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>looks<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>very<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>impressive. I do hope you will continue to conduct further studies on this highly interesting topic and publish them.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Talat S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Halman</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Chairman, Dept of Near Eastern Languages and Literature</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New York<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New York</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">..I<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>read with profit and pleasure ..your article agree that there is a great deal of ignorance about the influence of Turkic languages on the languages of </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. I know of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>no study which explores this influence in a serious manner and you have<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>certainly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>taken an important step...</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Feroz Ahmed</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Prof. of History & University Research Professor,</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">University</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Massachusetts</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Boston</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">--the erudite Ambassador of the Republic of India in Ankara K. Gajendra Singh has prepared a very interesting cultural study on the influence of Turkic languages on Indian languages , suggestive of the linguistic integration in South Asia.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Seyfi Tashan</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , Director , Foreign Policy Institute, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ankara</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>issues<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>raised. by the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>author ....are relevant to scholars and students of linguistics and to those<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>who wish to work on the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>history and grammar of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Hindustani.. serious paper ..on a hitherto little explored area<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>of linguistic relation ship between Turkish and Hindustani in a Historical perspective.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prof. Suraj Bhan Singh</span></i></b><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, Chairman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>, Commission for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Scientific and</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Technical Commission, Dept of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>Education, Govt of </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New Delhi</span></i><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Sent and published in the quarterly Journal of <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">The Foreign Policy Institute</b> , Ankara and <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">“Eurasia</b> ” , journal ( in Turkish and English version ) published by TICA ,Turkish Govt. Agency for Cooperation . Permission conveyed to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">“ Man and Development</b> “, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> .</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Reproduced in <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">Turkish Daily News, </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ankara</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , Forum, Azeri Magazine and “Siyasat” , Urdu Daily , </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Heyderabad</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Mentioned in “ Spanish language and the World”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>by the University of<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"> </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Valladolid</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Spain</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Criticised in Turkish fundamentalist media.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">The article has been made available on <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">internet</b> by Universities etc in US, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> since 1995</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span lang="EN-GB" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-38064966985260169452009-10-14T00:29:00.001-07:002009-10-14T00:29:51.243-07:00Mittanni Kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia(1500BC-1200BC):Was Nefertiti an Aryan Princess<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">IN SEARCH OF WASSUKKANI - CAPITAL OF </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">PREVEDIC</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">ARYAN</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">KINGDOM</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> OF </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">MITANNIS</span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> FROM 1500 BC T0 1200 BC IN </span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">UPPER MESOPOTAMIA</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>WAS NEFERTITI, AN ARYAN PRINCESS?</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Amb. (Rtd) K.Gajendra Singh, </span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Bucharest</span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. </span></b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Guest writer</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font></p> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">(Ambassador Singh was the Indian ambassador in </span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Bucharest</span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Ankara</span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in the eighties and nineties. )</span></b></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></b><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></b></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">During the 1993 Navruj (spring) cease-fire by Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Ocalan's PKK, then fighting a savage war since 1984 against cultural discrimination in south-east Turkey, I decided to renew my knowledge of the region, known as Mesopotamia, Assyria, the Fertile Crescent in history. Home of over 40 civilisations, known as </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Asia minor</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Anatolia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in the past, </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Turkey</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> has more Greek sites than </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Greece</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and more Roman monuments than </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Italy</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. From its capital Ankara I made my night halt 700 kms away in S at Antakya (Antioch), capital of Selucus Nikator's empire, Alexander's infantry commander against Porus in India, but when he tried to reclaim Alexander's domains he was defeated and fobbed off with 500 elephants by Chandra Gupta Maurya. Next day I reached </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Urfa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> 300 kms east, where and at nearby </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Harran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC, Patriarch Abraham had halted on his way from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Ur</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> (in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iraq</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">) to </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Hebron</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Canaan</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> (</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Palestine</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">). Local legend has it that he was born here making it a centre of pilgrimage. Located at a strategic pass linking Anatolia to Mesopotamia, this ancient city was renamed Edessa by the Macedonians on way to Gaugamela where Alexander inflicted the final defeat on Darius III in 331 BC, terminating the Persian Achaemenean Empire.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Edessa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, along with </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Antioch</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> was one of the first major centres of Christianity, latter going over to the Monophysite heresy. Persecuted by Western Christians and then Muslim Arabs and Persians, manymigrations took place from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Edessa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and the region to the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Malabar coast</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> specially in 4th, 5th and 9th centuries AD spreading the Christain Orthodox Church in Kerala. The relationship, though complicated by the arrival of the Portuguese, Dutch and the British, still continues between Kerala and east of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Edessa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in the Tur Abdin region, with Mardin, Midyat and Cizre dotted with old Churches and monasteries where Suryani, akin to Aramaic spoken by Jesus Christ, is still being taught . But now in the grip of Kurdish Turkish strife the numbers of Christians is fast dwindling. For centuries Mar Zaffran near Mardin was the seat of the Orthodox Church, now located in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">In </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Urfa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, ancient works and Greek classics, the basis of Western civilisation, were translated into Aramaic and Syriac which when the Arabs came over, were translated into Arabic. After the Crusaders took over the city, they were retranslated and 'recovered' for </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Europe</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, where they had been destroyed by barbarian invasions. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Edessa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> survived many rulers and wars but like other cities it never recovered from the Mongol destruction. Just south of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Urfa</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> is </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Harran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> of bee-hive houses, centre of the Moon cult, human sacrificing Sabbians and ancient Carrhae, where tablets inscribed with parts of the legends of Gilgamesh were discovered. Nearby the Parthians had captured Roman Emperor Crassus. It was the stomping ground of prophets like Elijah, Job, Shuyab and Jacob with the well where Rebecca gave him water. From Mardin, an ancient city at the edge on the hills one can see the immense Mesopotamian plains spread southwards to the Gulf . A series of hydro-electric projects, on the Euphrates, now under construction in the region will once again bring wealth and prosperity to upper Mesopotamia but the water diversion and implied threat of strategic flooding does not amuse the Syrians.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">But I was not looking for Abraham's transit halt, nor Guagamela or even Noah's tomb at Cizre (at the junction of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iraq</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and Turkish borders), but Wassukkani which between 1500 BC to 1200 BC was the capital of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Kingdom</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. They were an Indo-Aryan people, experts in chariot warfare, who worshipped the pre-vedic Aryan Gods Indra, Natasya, Mitra and Varuna and used pre-vedic Sanskrit. Not that I expected to find Wassukkani .That I shall leave to archaeologists and their benefactors, but if it were located and diggings started in my life time, it would be a matter of great satisfaction. For, unfortunately, none of the sites of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Kingdom</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> itself has been located and knowledge about them is based on sites in El Amarna </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Egypt</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and Bogazkoy in north-west </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Turkey</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. Wassukkanni was once thought to be Rais el Ain in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, just 80 kms east across from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Harran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, nowadays bristling with minefields and hostile sentries. But the Akkadian cuneiform tablets found at Amarna, when subjected to tests did not match. Wassukkanni is now believed to be up north in between Mardin, and 90 km up north from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Diyarbakir</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> (ancient Amida) now (culturally) a Kurdish city, an area I travelled up and down .</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">The upper </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mesopotamia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> region around the middle reaches of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Euphrates</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Tigris</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> was rich agriculture land and therefore, much sought after. Throughout history, because of its excellent location, for caravans bringing goods from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">India</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and the east, for connecting the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Arabian desert</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> to the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mediterranean</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Asia Minor</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, it was much fought over. It is now divided between </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Turkey</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iraq</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> with </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> not far away. But during 16th to 13th century BC, the dynasty of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> flourished in the rich grain growing valleys of the rivers Balikh and Khabur, tributaries of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Euphrates</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, with mostly adversarial relations with Indo-European Hittites in Bogazkoy and generally close relations with the Egyptian Pharaohs. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> perhaps came to this region through the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Caucasus</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and had splintered off in the Eurasian Steppes from the main stream which continued on to </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">India</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. They became the ruling aristocracy among the confederation of Hurrian, Hanigalbat and other states of the region which extended from the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Zagros mountains</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> through </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Assyria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, upper </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mesopotamia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> to the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mediterranean</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Information on </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and their Kingdom first surfaced at the end of the 19th century when letters from the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> King sent to his Pharaoh son-in-law were discovered at El Amarna and deciphered. The Egyptians called the Mitannis Naharinas. The other extensive and important source material was discovered in early 20th century at Bogazkoy 250 Km north east of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Ankara</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, the stronghold of Hittites. Among the documents discovered were treaties between the Hittites and Mitannis in which reference was made to the Indo-Iranian gods Indra, Natasya, Mitra and Varuna and a treatise on horse training and chariotry in Hittite written by Kikkuli, a Mitanni who used ancient Vedic Sanskrit technical terms, thus also confirming Mitannian superiority in matters of horsemanship. The Egyptian Pharaohs had requested the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> time and again for horses and chariots. Other places where cuneiform documents in Akkadian and other languages throw light on Mitannis are Arraphka, Nuzi (near Kirkuk), Alalakh, a river port on Orontes (on the Turkish -Syrian border near Antioch) , Ugarit (Ras Shamra in Syria) on the Mediterranean, Mari on the river Euphrates. Ugarit was perhaps one of the greatest international sea ports of that time; for, owing to its location, it controlled trade between Syria, its hinterland and the East with the Aegean and the Mediterranean, with merchants and sailors from Egypt, Cyprus, Crete, Mycene and other places mingling here for trade and commerce. Documents from Nuzi describe certain social and religious traditions which are reflected in Hebrew legends recorded in the Old Testament .</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">The fact that the gods in the Treaties are Hindu vedic Daivya gods, Indra and Natasya along with Assura Iranian gods Mitra and Varuna, shows that the Aryan division into Iranians and Indians had yet not taken place; later on most of Daivya worshipping Aryans continued on to </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">India</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and most of Assura worshipping Aryans stayed behind in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Iran</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. Limiting the use of Indo-Aryan gods to the Treaties perhaps indicates that only the rulers were of Indo-Aryan origin. There is also evidence that the Royals were cremated. The chariot riding shock troops were called Marijannina linked with old Indian Vedic ie, Marya=youngman, old Avestan= a member of a group. Later this land owning aristocratic group became hereditary, ie even without chariots. The technical terms used in horse training and chariotry like aika wartanna, navartanna etc (one turn , nine turns ) are like ek vartanam, nava vartanam as in Vedic Sanskrit. A Hurrian text from Yorgan Tepe uses Indo-Aryan words to describe the colour of horses, ie babru (brown ) parita (grey ), pinkara (reddish ) etc. The beginnings of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> arrival are shrouded in mystery, but it seems that they took advantage of the collapse of the Empire established by Hammurabi (who gave the first code in human history, ie to protect the weak against the strong) . There are reasons to believe that the Kings of the Ashur between 1500 BC to 1360 BC were the vassals of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. The </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> also crossed the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Euphrates</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and exercised influence over the Amorites and Canaanites in the South.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">The first and most important </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> king was Saustatar (1450 BC to 1440 BC). The others were Artatama (1440-1420),Vedic rta -dhaman= whose abode is the Rta, Shutarna (1420 to 1395), Artashumara (1395 to 1385), Tushratta = Vedic Tvesh- ratha, one whose chariot moves forward violently and Sattiwaza; in old Indo-Aryan sati-vaja = acquiring booty, old Vedic vaja -sati. While the etymology of names of all </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> kings has not been done, they are very different from Hurrian names. Rulers with similar names ruled in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">South Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Palestine</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. Shaustatar ruled around the same time as Pharaoh Thuthmosis III. In fact he made Thuthmosis's drive to conquer </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, by supporting the small states there, very difficult leading to respect for each other. Later the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> signed a peace treaty with the Pharaohs in order to counteract the Hittite threat from the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">North West</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> . This was cemented with a </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> princess being married to a Pharaoh, but only after 7 requests. Shaustatar's son Artatama sent his daughter Mutema as wife to Pharaoh Thuthmosis IV, grandson of Thutmosis III Artatarna's successor Shutarna's daughter Gilukhepa was married to Amun hotep III . She went to her husband in style with 317 Mitannian maidens. Next, Tushratta gave his daughter Tadukhepa to Amun hotep IV, who also married Gilukhepa, youngest in his father's harem. It is generally believed that Gilukhepa was no other than the beautiful and famous Nefertiti. It is known that Nefertiti fully supported her husband' s efforts to bring in monotheism. It was from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Egypt</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, where Moses was born and brought up that he led out the Jews with the idea of one God Jehovah. The last semi-independent King was Mattiuzza, who was installed on the throne following a palace coup after the murder of Tushratha. He became a vassal of the Hittite king Shuppiluliuma who gave his daughter Mursil in marriage to Mattiuza. Thus the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> dynasty came to be connected with both the Pharaohs and the Hittites. But after the alliance with the Hittites, the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> were reduced to a smaller state with limited independence. As the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> power decreased relations with the Pharaohs withered away. Some of its later kings were Shattwara and Wasasatta. Small </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> states lingered on for years. The Assyrians took advantage of the situation to assert their independence. They even raided the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> capital Wassukkanni and took back the golden and silver gates which the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> had brought from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Assyria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> 200 years ago. Assyrian king Ashur Uballit I (1365 BC to1338 BC) ended the Mittani independence completely by defeating Shuttarna II. Over 14000 </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> were blinded. After this defeat, the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> either got absorbed in the region or some of them went up north to form part of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Urartu</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Kingdom</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. Something like that had perhaps also happened to another Indo Aryan people the Kassites, who ruled earlier over Assyria for nearly 5 centuries, but apart from 300 words of their language and 30 odd gods not much is known about them.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">In the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Kingdom</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, also known that of Hurrians, the latter probably formed the majority, ie the other backward classes of those days. The Hurrians, whose language is neither Indo-European nor Semitic, were a non-Indo-European people and are believed to have come from </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Armenia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and present day north east of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Turkey</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. They were well distributed in the region, even in the Hittite areas. They were culturally well developed and their religion and other practices were adopted by the Hittites. The Hurrians also transmitted the Assyrian culture to the Hittites. Perhaps it was too early for the castes to emerge, but the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> certainly appeared to be like the Kshatriyas; a word which comes from ratharias - charioteers, having superimposed themselves over the Hurrians. The </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> used Hurrian language but inducted into it Indo-Aryan vocabulary, as the Turks did in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Persia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">India</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> in a way and elsewhere, ie using the language of the subjects, but retaining the military terms.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">The Hittites were an Indo-European people, the first to break away from the proto Indo-Europeans, who probably originated from the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Black Sea</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> coast of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Russia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Ukraine</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. They had reached </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Asia Minor</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> at the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC via the straits of the Bosphorous and established a magnificent and impregnable capital at Hattusa, ie Bogazkoy next to </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Cappadocia</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> (with its mysterious honeycombed underground cities and lunar landscape with eerie tall chimneys, where the earliest Christian communities built their churches). The name Hittites (referred as such in the Bible) is taken from Hattis, an indigenous people, whom the Hittites displaced and who then formed the lower substrata. The Hittites called themselves Nes and their language Nesiti. The Hittite King Hattusilis (reign 1650 to 1620 BC) consolidated the Kingdom and extended its control over most of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Asia Minor</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Northern Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. His grandson Mursilis I raided down along the Euphrates river and destroyed the Amorite dynasty of Babylon, then one of the most cosmopolitan, rich and cultured cities. The austere highlanders felt out of place and far away from Hattussa and returned to their capital. Then for some time they got embroiled in their own affairs and re-emerged as the new Empire in the 14th century BC. Under Suppililumas I it reached the height of its power, extent and culture. Tusharatta, the last independent </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> King, defeated the Hittites first time around, but Suppililuimas I then went north and east, taking Wassukkanni by surprise. Tushratta escaped to </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Carchemish</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">, but the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitanni</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> power was broken and its glory came to an end. Suppliliumas put his sons as kings of </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Aleppo</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Carchemish</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> . Hittite king Muwatallis (1320 to 1294BC) fought at Kadesh (in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">) one of the greatest battles of ancient times against Pharaoh Ramses II . It was probably indecisive, even though the latter claimed a victory. Later a peace treaty was signed and a marriage alliance concluded. The Hittites were tolerant in their religious outlook and their polytheism contained indigenous Anatolian, Syrian and Hurrian divinities. The Hittite King, deputy of the storm god, was also the commander in chief, chief judge and after death became a god.</span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">The earliest Indo-Aryan writing in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">India</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> occurs around 300 BC on Ashoka pillars, but it is really Prakrit. The ancient Sanskrit of Vedas, though transmitted orally was probably written down by 6th century BC. Thus the earliest written archaic Indo-Aryan/Indo-Iranian language has been found in </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Asia Minor</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Syria</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. The Hittite language is the earliest known extinct form of Indo-European Language and the older Hittite texts (from 1650 BC to 1595 BC ) are the earliest texts found so far. In the later forms (1400 BC to 1190 BC) are to be found the Treaties and Treatise mentioned earlier, which are now on display at the Archaeological Museum in Istanbul along with other historical treasures, literally a sweep through time and history. But for a full and authentic account of the times and lives of the </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Mitannis</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> and pre-vedic Aryans, we have to wait till Wassukkanni is located, dug and its findings deciphered.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">24 June, 2000</span></b><b><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> TurkPulse.com</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span></font></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-5424906085441719572009-10-13T11:24:00.001-07:002009-10-13T11:24:42.787-07:00Illustrated ;A Sweep through history and Time -.Asia Minor/Anatolia/Turkey<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZuX71dN6PJl3VOx2dqN0cr948fU6yOAfp-qBiUYQks6cEizsptylT93lLEd8N1xXNZ_4tlo5vWLVyhDDkvNIPAPO_2r5NoP9Zevns9jES1AZKQtuBisurki2CPqsQSxwBqRIHeOAtZQ/s1600-h/FamTkyHst1-782788.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhZuX71dN6PJl3VOx2dqN0cr948fU6yOAfp-qBiUYQks6cEizsptylT93lLEd8N1xXNZ_4tlo5vWLVyhDDkvNIPAPO_2r5NoP9Zevns9jES1AZKQtuBisurki2CPqsQSxwBqRIHeOAtZQ/s320/FamTkyHst1-782788.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392152267863551330" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a 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href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOTczVVRF6MLvtWqIEp0rRKnxF0drjYGEP_jPUMUaCrvPW5jz-73GsqmzfpU_WjLHh9ZT5GvQEQWEn1FT-bz-dEoaToTZAMAJE0Af8uKxHQ4HkKWMYFiLvqmlCUbS7aEVrgL5KLEOjzcM/s1600-h/FamTkyHst8-797058.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOTczVVRF6MLvtWqIEp0rRKnxF0drjYGEP_jPUMUaCrvPW5jz-73GsqmzfpU_WjLHh9ZT5GvQEQWEn1FT-bz-dEoaToTZAMAJE0Af8uKxHQ4HkKWMYFiLvqmlCUbS7aEVrgL5KLEOjzcM/s320/FamTkyHst8-797058.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392152329093625810" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9EEqXzQbyFFpVJvft_MFt4SrcDf7uwKVXg6AAE0GSUy4xRRouttPBN9wZ8WhHhqwcFonQLOjo7zSu0GrQr2JZ5BheEJku4nYi4LJFRqG5PX1oLLNbabUdSRratd1uB35UG6NcpVrqQg0/s1600-h/FamTkyHstNemrSelf-798764.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9EEqXzQbyFFpVJvft_MFt4SrcDf7uwKVXg6AAE0GSUy4xRRouttPBN9wZ8WhHhqwcFonQLOjo7zSu0GrQr2JZ5BheEJku4nYi4LJFRqG5PX1oLLNbabUdSRratd1uB35UG6NcpVrqQg0/s320/FamTkyHstNemrSelf-798764.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392152334446874226" /></a></p><br> <div class="gmail_quote"> <div> <div></div> <div class="h5"> <div class="gmail_quote"><br> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">3.A<span> </span>SWEEP<span> </span>THROUGH<span> </span>HISTORY<span> </span>AND<span> </span>TIME</span></b></h1> <h1 style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"></span></b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt"> </span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">15 DAYS IN TURKEY</span></h1> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html" target="_blank">TAAC Newsletter, 97 December</a><br> <b>...</b> Excellent reading about the region. Back to top. Full article is available on the<br>web. A sweep through history and time - 15 days in Turkey. by <b>K</b>. <b>Gajendra</b> <b>Singh</b> <b>...</b> <br><span style="COLOR: green"><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html" target="_blank">www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html</a> - 36k - </span><a href="http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:Ybmv-ruYAH8J:www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html+k.gajendra+singh&hl=en" target="_blank">Cached</a> - <a>Similar pages</a> <span> </span></span></p> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></h1> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">A sweep through history and time - 15 days in Turkey by <b><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(255,255,102) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">K. Gajendra </span><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(160,255,255) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">Singh</span></b> </span></p> <p>Mr. Gajendra <b><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(160,255,255) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">Singh</span></b> is a former ambassador of India To Turkey who settled in Ankara after retirement. He represents major Indian papers. <br> In his article Mr. <b><span style="BACKGROUND: rgb(160,255,255) 0% 50%; COLOR: black">Singh</span> </b>takes the reader through a tour of Turkey while narrating the history of localities. It is a must reading for people interested in history, ancient ruins and peoples. <br> Download this article from our WWW location and give it to people who are interested more about what Turkey can offer: Hittite, Urartian, Byzantine, Roman, Greek, Seljuk, Ottoman Islamic to Christian, Cleopatra with Anthony... </p> <p><i><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/15days.htm" target="_blank">Full article is available on the web</a>. <br> <span style="COLOR: red"><a href="http://www.taaca.org/data/199712-html.html#top" target="_blank"> Back to top</a></span> </i></p> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"> </span></h1> <h1><b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span> </span>TURKPULSE<span> </span>............................AUGUST 26th,<span> </span>2000</span></b></h1> <h1><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">( Also published by <b>Turkish Daily News,Ankara ,</b> without daily program in 1997)</span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'"><span> </span></span></b><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> </span></h1> <h3><span lang="TR" style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">Amb (Retd) K. Gajendra Singh</span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">(Guest Writer)</span></h3> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">A cascade of slim minarets piercing the Istanbul skyline comes to mind, when most people think of Turkey or the memories of the terrible Turks from the days of Janissaries and Crusades, when in 1453 the Byzantine capital Constantinople became the Ottoman Istanbul, with the 6th century magnificent St. Sophia Church converted into a mosque (but the Ottoman architects could never get away from its conceptual construct). Apart from the famed Topkapi and the Dolmabahce Palaces with their unmatched treasures and other Ottoman monuments, Istanbul has monuments and ruins from its millennium and half long Roman and Byzantine past (Turkey has more Greek monuments than Greece and more Roman sites than Italy)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">.</span><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> But this sweep does not encompass Istanbul nor all historic Christian places, ie Chalcedon, Nicomedea, Nicea or all the churches of revelation; for, Asia Minor as Turkey was then known was also a cradle of Christianity.<span> </span>Nor Testament's Mount Ararat and Noah's Ark with ruins of beautiful Armenian Churches and Urartian monuments in the region of Kars and Van. Nor the fabled Pontus Trabzon nor Sumela monastry on<span> </span>the Black Sea coast of the Golden Fleece, whence emerged Xenophon and his ten thousand after an arduous journey through Kurdish speaking lands. Nor Divrigi, with its masterpieces of pre-Ottoman architecture. Or Amazon Queen founded Sinop, the birthplace of cynic Diogenes who told off Alexander the Great for shutting out his sunlight. Nor even Bursa and Edirne, the first two capitals of the Ottoman Sultans.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Starting from the Republic's historic capital Ankara, we pass by the Phyrigian Gordion (of its knot and oracle), the capital city of King Midas of the golden touch; birthplace and tomb of Nassreddin Hoja (Shiekh Chilli); Sardis in West Turkey, the Lydian capital and Persian Acheamenean Empire's outpost in Ionia (from which came the word Yunan ), of rich as King Croesus and the golden fleece; Troy of Helen, Achillies, Paris and Priam and across the Dardenelles Galipoli; where thousands of Indian soldiers lie buried from WW1; Assos, facing the island of Lesbos, where Aristotle taught; Bergama of physician Galen, a rival city to Ephesus, Antioch and Alexandria, the first two being in Turkey. Also Izmir, the old Smyrna, Homer's birth place (where Aristotle Onasis also lived) and the richest architectural site Ephesus, the Carian city of St Paul's church, Virgin Mary is believed to be buried nearby (Scylax, from whose navigation of Indus for Darius, the West knew first of India, was from Caryanda, also a Carian city); Priene, the spectacular Ionian city, whose oracle along with neighbouring Didim's was as well known as Delphi's.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">We then move to Miletus of 6th century BC, of the first thinkers. Thales, Anneximender, Anneximenes, spiritual forefathers of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, where the Greek and Western philosophy germinated, also of Hecataeus, who in touch with Persians wrote about India, and then come to Bodrum, the ancient Halicarnassus, birth place of Herodotus, father of<span> </span>history, with a Crusader castle and the first funeral monument called Mausoleum in memory of King Mausolus. Not far is Aphrodisias, excavated only in the 1980s<span> </span>with temples of Aphrodite and Hierapolis and its cotton castles. We pass by old Lycian cities, Knidos, Telmessus,<span> </span>Pinara, Letoonia of goddess Leto, Artemis; Xanthus, where women committed Jauhar (set themselves on fire) against the Persians in 5th century BC, Patara of its famous oracle, also the birthplace of St Nicholas (Santa Claus), whose Church is not far away at Demre. Then soon in Pamphylia comes Yanartas, with remains of fire snorting Chimera killed by Belerophon flying on a winged horse Pegasus (Mobil's logo). Then to Phaselis with Roman and Byzantine harbours; Antalya founded by Attalus II, ruled in turn by Romans, Byzantines, Crusaders, Seljuk and Ottoman Turks as were so many places in Turkey, with a fluted minaret, like a section of Delhi's Qutub Minar; Perge, with ruins of temples of Zeus, Artemis; Aspendos, and its theatre ,where<span> </span>today's concerts hold 20,000 persons; Side with temples of Athena, Appollo; Alanya's castle and its golden beach - Mark Antony got the sand from Egypt to charm Cleopatra.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Then after a beautiful drive come up to the plateau plains of Konya (old Christian Iconium of first Lady Saint Theckla), of whirling Dervishes of Jalaluddin Rumi, the capital of the Seljuks, with their masterpieces; Catal Huyuk of proto-earth mother goddess, 8000 years old, one of the earliest towns. Then down past Alharan monastry, along river Goksu, where Holy Roman Emperor drowned ending the 3rd Crusade. Go further down to Cilicia; Silifke and ethereal Kizkalesi with its legends; Olba, of temple of Tyche, goddess of Fortune, mausoleum of Priape, god of fertility and illegitimate son of Zeus and Aphrodite. Nearby is the site of Heaven and Hell with its Chapel of Virgin Mary and the cave of scaly fire breathing monster Python; Viranshir (Soli), birth place of Chrisipus, founder of the earliest Stoic school in 3rd century BC.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">After passing by the modern port of Mersin, come to Tarsus, birth place of St Paul, where Cleopatra seduced Mark Antony. Up north in the mountains are Cilician gates, from where Alexander ( & other conquerors going east or west) passed through to the Cukurova plains, littered with Crusader castles; Issus, where Alexander defeated Darius III in 333 BC. After crossing the Syrian gates and passing by Ottoman mosques and medresses, come to Antakya (ancient Antioch) on river Orantes founded by Sileucus Nikator (who knew well Chandra Gupta Maurya), with its most magnificent collection of mosaics. Here followers of Jesus were called Christians for the first time, St Peter and St Paul first preached here. It changed hands between Persians, Arabs, Byzantines and others. Down south Cleopatra married Mark Antony and there is a village where Moses came to meet prophet Hizir.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">After Gaziantep, comes later day 8th BC capital of Hittites, Carchemis, conquered by Assyrian King Saragon II and then Urfa, where prophet Abraham stayed before going on to Cannan (buried in Hebron), it is also ancient Edessa, founded by Alexander's Macedonians, where the first large Christain community grew, seat of Crusader Kingdom of Baldwin I.Here Greek works were translated into Syriac and Aramaic and later into Arabic and thus preserved, veritably a city of mosques and churches. To the south is Harran with its beehive looking houses, the play ground of prophets Jacob and others, where Roman Emperor Crassus was defeated by the Parthians. This is upper Mesopotamia, the cradle of civilisations, where the prevedic Sanskrit speaking and Aryan gods worshipping Indo-Aryans ruled their Mitanni Kingdom from 1500 to 1200 BC.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Go up north via Nemrut Dagi, of King Commagene, who brought together eastern Persian and western Roman gods, with larger than life size statues of Apollo, Tyche, Zeus, Hercules and Mithradates on a mountain top, also a temple of goddess Cybel. Leaving Salahaddin's Diyarbakir after a long drive past carpet making center Bunyan and Kayseri (old Ceasara Mazaca) come to the famous Cappadoccia with its moon-like landscape, fairy chimneys and 3000 rock churches with six-level underground cities, where Christians hid from Roman persecution. Then after visiting Sivas, take a detour via Zile, where Julius Ceaser uttered 'Veni, vidi, vichi'<span> </span>and on to the old Pontus Kingdom Amasya, on river Yesilirmak reminding of Srinagar, birth place of geographer Strabo and an important Hellenic, Byzantine and Ottoman center. Then to Bogazkoy, with its magnificent capital and impregnable Citadel, the center of Indo-European Hittite civilisation from 1900 BC to 1100 BC, who ruled right up to Babylon, Palestine and the Aegean Sea. Cuneiform tablets found here (and Tel Amarna in Egypt) throw light on the Mitanni Kingdom and preserved treaties refering to gods Varuna, Indra, Mitra etc and a Mitanni treatise on horse training using Sanskrit phrases (can be seen in Istanbul Archeological Museum). The supposed Mitanni capital Wassukkani between Mardin and Diyarbakir is yet to be discovered.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <h3><span lang="TR" style="FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'">DAY<span> </span>BY<span> </span>DAY<span> </span>PROGAMME</span></h3> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY-1</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <span> </span>ANKARA ( Capital since 1923) - Polatli - Turko Greek War memorial.<span> </span>GORDIUM - Alexander the Great cuts the Gordian knot in 333 BC. PHRYGIAN kingdom capital, Tomb of KING MIDAS (around 800 BC), the tomb and an adjoining Museum can be visited. Also the city of Gordium, being excavated. Village of NASRETTIN HOCA Sivrihisar (old 19th century Armenian church) PESSINOS (20 km off Sivrihisar) centre of Roman GALATIA, temple of CYBELE- MIDAS CITY (Yazil Kaya) Aslantash. AFYONHISAR. Afyon Castle - wooden SELJUK mosque. Lunch at Ikbal Restaurant. SARDIS - inhabited for 5000 years - capital of LYDIAN EMPIRE. Prostitution allowed to earn dowry. Later major Roman city - Temple of many-breasted ARTEMIS (200 BC). Last of the KING CROESUS (rich as Croesus), first minted coins of gold and silver - legend of the GOLDEN FLEECE. One of the Seven churches, Akhisar, the old THYATRA - another Lydian city. Go to<span> </span>BALIKESIR. Rest.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 2</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>GRANICUS (GONEN river); ALEXANDER Kills Darius III's two Persian commanders - Canakkale on straits of Dardanelles - across Gallipoli of WW1. Troy of Trojan horse and war, ILLIAD, HELEN, AGAMEMNON, CLYTEMNESTEA, PARIS, ODYSSUS, Troy VII was city of<span> </span>PRIAM. There are at least 7 layers of cities on Troy controlling the entry to DARDANELLES and MARMARA sea and BLACK SEA COAST. BABAKALE - Westernmost point of Asia Minor, Bahramkale (ASSOS) - Temple of ATHENA - Socrates taught here - can see across to the Greek island of LESBOS - AYVALIK - a Greek town (till 1923) - Bergama (PERGAMUN) – old HELLENISTIC city - rival to EPHESUS, ANTIOCH and ALEXANDRIA (in Egypt) in ancient times.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 3</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Visit to Pergamun Ruins (originals in Berlin Museum). Parchment invented after Egyptians cut off - AESCLEPIOS - God of Medicine. Birth place of Galen- physician and medical authority of ancient times - temple of Egyptian deities - BEYAZIT I (1398-99) monuments. Visit to Acroplis Sanctuary of DEMETER, Temple of ZEUS and ATHENA Polias Nikeperous - in DORIC style. Temple of TROJAN, theatre for 10,000. Candarli - with 13th century GENOESE fortres. Aliaga - AOELIAN city. Foca - 'PHOCAENS were pioneer navigators so said HERODOTUS. Manisa - old MAGNESIA - Izmir - old SMYRNA Ionians settled in 9th century BC. Others ie Romans, Byzantines, Arabs, Seljuks, Crusaders, Ottomans and Tamurlane also came. Homer's birth place. He wrote Illiad and Odyssy here. Also city of Aristotle Onasis and French PM Ballandur – Kusadasi - Rest.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 4</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>EPHESUS - Founded by Amazons - country of Carians. Temple of ARTEMIS (564-546 BC) - ALEXANDER visited in 334 BC Library of CELSUS - Church of EPHESUS built by ST. PAUL in AD 53 - Church of VIRGIN MARY - built in 2nd century AD - first church for Virgin Mary. Temple of SERAPIS - Temple of Hadrian, SELJUK Mosque - BASILICA OF ST. JOHN - ISA BEY MOSQUE. PRIENE - spectacular IONIAN city - 4th century BC. First Hellenistic city, temple of DIONYIAS Temple of Athena. Miletus of THALES, ANAXIMENDER, ANAXIMENES, Didyma -TEMPLE OF APPOLO - Head of MEDUSA. Alexander declared son of Zeus by local oracle. Lake Bafa - across HERAKLEA and Latmos</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 5<span> </span></span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Bodrum - ancient HALICARNASSUS - birthplace of historian Herodotus - father of history, according to West. In ancient times part of DORIAN Confederacy. Crusader castle of ST. PETER (Petronium - from which comes Bodrum). Castle of Knights of ST JOHN - a major landmark. Also the first MAUSOLEUM (funeral monument) - one of the SEVEN WONDERS of the world - in memory of King MAUSOLUS, built by his widow. Now a popular Bohemian resort<span> </span>MILAS, temple of ZEUS. APRODISIAS - named after Goddess APHRODITE - excavated in 1980s so most things are intact. Huge theatre, stadium for 30 000. Beautiful statues in the Museum. Pamukkale (cotton castle), shimmering white cascades formed by limestone laden hot springs which have formed stalactites potholes and cotton made architecture. Nearby HIERAPOLIS - ruins over miles, founded by Eumenes II of Pergamun. This was destroyed in first century, but rebuilt in 2nd/3rd centuries and we see the ruins from there. Sleep at Pamukkale.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 6</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Mugla-Marmaris - Beautiful harbour and resting point for yachts. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DATCA - Knidos. Temple of APHRODITE by PRAXITELES (390 -30 BC). Dalyan - famous beach for giant LOGGERHEAD TURTLES. Pass by Fethiye big resort town - KAYA( known as Kormylassos) - an eerie ghost town of Greeks who left for Greece in 1920s (1.5 million left for Greece and half million Turks came) Oludeniz (Dead Sea). Sleep Fethiye.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 7<span> </span></span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Visit TELMESSUS an old LYCIAN city (6th century BC) old name of Fethiye - rock tombs - now a beautfiul city in a calm protected bay. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">PINARA - an ancient city existing since Trojan war (1200 BC) church, theatre, tombs in mountain heights. LETOON -Temples of Goddess LETO, ARTEMIS </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">and APPOLO. Mosaics of Lye, the sun, bow and arrow, only LYCIAN mosaics. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">LETO, mistress of Zeus, whose wife HERA hounded her to exile. Gave births to ARTEMIS and APPOLO. XANTHUS- Ampi-theatre, HARPIS Tomb. PILLAR TOMBS - Lycian sarcaphagus covered by 250 lines of Lycian Greak poem. Earliest 'Johar' - when Persians attacked Xantus in 540 BC, Lycians set ablaze their wives and children then fought to the last man. Lycians repeated it in 42 BC, when Brutus arrived to raise money. PATARA - Birth place of SAINT NICHOLAS (SANTA CLAUS) Ruins of harbour, Granary of HADRIAN. Was famous for ORACLE of APPOLO, as famous as of DELPHI. Resort town of Kas. KALE (Myra) - here ST. NICHOLAS, the original Santa Claus was Bishop in 4th century AD. Myra has St. NICHOLAS 's Church, an Amptitheatre, most impressive rock tombs in whole of LYCIA. Sleep at Kale.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 8<span> </span></span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>OLYMPUS: located in a gorge between two mountains, once a pirate hide-out. Piracy stamped out by Roman General Pompey 2000 years ago. Needs excavation. Ahmet tried to drive over the sand-got struck - had to bring a tractor to take out the car. Go on dust track to go to CHIRALI and walk up 40 minutes to YANARTAS, where tiny flames appear from rocks, which children try to stamp out. According to legend, these are the remains of CHIMERA, a snorting monster, with lion's head, goat's body and serpent's tail- killed by LYCIAN HERO BELEEROPHON, who flew over the mountains on his winged horse PEGASUS (Mobil Oils symbol). PHASELIS - an ancient Greek city at the top of peninsula - founded by RHODIANS in 690 BC or even earlier. Two<span> </span>harbours - ROMAN and BYZANTINE. Main avenue, theatre, baths, market temple etc. lovely warm water in end March, when one can see snow packed Olympus nearby. ANTALYA - a modern city with 5-star hotels and lovely beaches nearby. Founded by ATTALUS II, King of PERGUMUN (159-136 BC) ruled by ROMANS, BYZANTINES, SELJUK, TURKS, CRUSADERS and OTTOMANS since 1391. Italians occupied it (in 1919-21). Known for FLUTED MINARET ( built 1230 by Seljuk Alaeddin Kekubat). Many medresses, tombs and mosques. Ruins of TERMESSUS - a city Alexander could not conquer. During Roman and Byzantine days, a city of 150,000 - a city of PISIDIANS. Tomb of ALCETAS, Alexander's General defeated and killed here in 319 BC. Ruins of Temples of ZEUS, ARTEMIS etc. PERGE. -ASPENDOS - most well preserved Ampitheatre, seating 20,000 people, where concerts are held nowadays. Resort town of SIDE - very popular with Germans. Founded in 13th - l4th century BC. LYDIANS and PERSIANS occupied it. Conquered by ALEXANDER in 334 BC - Ruled by Selucid Ptolemies. Has Ampitheatres, temples of ATHENA and APOLLO. MEN (moon Goddess) - Visit ALANYA castle and Dalmatas Cave- Sleep Alanya.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 9</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span><span> </span>Drive back. See ALARHAN ( Seljuks built it in l3th century). Drive </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">towards Konya through beautiful scenery. BEYSEHIR lake city has very old </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">wooden mosques. SILLE - ruins of CHURCH OF ST. MICHAEL and spring dated 1732. KONYA - capital of Seljuk Empire between 1071 and 1308. Known as ICONIUM, ST. PAUL visited it many times. Visit ALAEDIN MOSQUE, KARATAY MEDRESE and Tekke of MAULANA JALALEDDIN RUMI, famous mystic, born in Afghanistan settled here (died 1273) whose WHIRLING DERVISHES have headquarters here. CATAL HOYUK - a stone-age town going back to 8000 years - STATUES OF MOTHER GODDESS AND FERTILITY - KARAMAN - ALAHAN - monastery of TARASIUS. MUT - here on river Goksu, Holy Roman Emperor BARBAROSSA drowned in 1190, while bathing, thus ended the THIRD CRUSADE. SILIFKE - old name SELUCIA and CALYCADMUM -one of 9 cities founded by Selucus Nicator in 3rd century BC. AYATEKLA, burial place of St. THECLA, Virgin and martyr, St. Paul's first woman convert. Sleep east of Silifke. Looking from your hotel at KIZKALESI. Ethereal when illuminated.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 10</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> <span> </span>Visit OLBA ( 30 km north of Silifke) conglomeration of HELLENISTIC. ROMAN, BYZANTINE remains. Temple of TYCHE, goddess of Fortune - Mausoleum of PARIAPE- God of Fertility - Priape, illegitimate son of Zeus and Aphrodite. Zeus's zealous wife Hera deformed the child giving him a Phallus equal to his height. NARLIKUYU mosaic of THREE GRACES, daughters of Zeus - HEAVEN AND HELL. Go down 452 stairs to chapel dedicated to VIRGIN MARY. In the end come to PYTHON'S Cave, home of scaly, frightening, fire breathing monster. Also this gloomy pit is known as HELL. Viransehir (POMPEIOPOLIS) earliest place for Stoics. Also known as Soli, birth place of Chrysipus, founder of Stoic school of philosophy in 3rd century BC. He wrote 750 books on Stoicism. MERSIN, a big port. TARSUS birth place of St. PAUL - history going back to 14th century BC. Visit St. PAUL ARCH. CLEOPATRA's GATE, Cave of Seven Sleepers. Here CLEOPATRA seduced MARK ANTONY. Just north of Tarsus is mountain pass CILICIAN GATES, Xerxes and his 100,000 men and Alexander the Great passed through it. ADANA in the middle of CILICIAN PLAINS, called CHUKUROVA. Great Cotton Textile and Industrial Centre. Visit Roman Bridge built by HADRIAN. Ulu Cami (1507) by ruler of Ramzanoglu Turks - 90 miles South East of Adana - port of Ayas, visited by MARCO POLO. East of Adana are many Crusader Castles, like Toprakkale, Gulek Castle etc. DORTYOL (ISSOS). Here Alexander defeated Persian Armies under Darius III in 333 BC. Darius fled leaving behind his harem. It opened the whole of Asia for Alexander. PAYAS - OTTOMAN mosque, Madress complex of Sokullu Mehmet by Mimar Sinan. Also 13th century CRUSADER CASTLE. A few more on the way - Syrian Gates or Balen pass. Bagras castle (Byzantine) - Antakya (Antiochus) on river Orantes.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 11</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Antakya (by Selecus Nikatar in 300 BC). Roman province in 81 BC. A great city of antiquity. Mosaic museum. Perhaps the best in the world. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jesus' followers first came to be known as 'Christians' here. St Paul's first </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ministry. Grotto where St Peter first preached. His church. Occupied by </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Byzantines, Persians and Arabs and Crusaders. Shrine of DAPHNE, 20 km </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">towards Samandag. Here CLEOPATRA was married toMARK ANTONY. Monuments to God APOLLO Samandag - Mountain of St. Simeon. Also visit the port Seleucia Pieria. Kept in order by flushing of water brought through a canal hewed out of rock. TUNNEL OF VESPIAN. And tombs of Roman notables in the hills. Also HIDIRBEY village, with Prophet HIZIR'S TREE. Moses met Hizir in this place. Time now to go to Gaziantep via Hassa and Islahiye. Ataturk added GHAZI TO ANTEP, when this town fought valiantly against the French Troops in WWI. Stay for night.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 12</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Visit CARCHEMISH - modern day Barak. HITTITE CAPITAL till eight century BC - conquered by ASSYRIAN<span> </span>KING<span> </span>SARGON II (722-705 BC) Battle ground between Pharaoh Neco against NEBUCHADNEZZAR, CHALDIAN KING OF BABYLON. Two thousand years later Khedive Ismail of Egypt gave Ottomans a crushing defeat. Pass by Nizip - Birecik - old Apamea. MARK ANTONY made a disasterous campaign against PARTHIANS in 36BC. URFA - the old EDESSA. Here PROPHET ABRAHAM stayed before he left for CANAAN. Mosque complex around Abraham cave, pool which saved ABRAHAM when thrown into it (a fire) by King NIMROD. Edessa is full of history. Eastern capital of NICATOR kingdom. GREEK WORKS TRANSLATED INTO SYRIAC/ARAMAIC - later into Arabic.Thus knowledge </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">saved. Crusader City under BALDWIN I. Mongols destroyed Edessa in 13th Century. One can visit the Citadel, old churches and mosques. First biggest community of Christians after Antioch. HARRAN South of Urfa - Old Northern Mesopotania. Famous for Beehive houses. FIRST MOSQUE IN ASIA MINOR. The play ground of Prophets - Jacob and others. Temple of Sin-Moon God (first university in ancient times). Here REBECCA drew water for JACOB, Roman Emperor CRASSUS defeated by PARTHIANS. With waters from Ataturk Dam, will become a breadbasket<span> </span>again. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY13</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Start early. Pass by to see Ataturk Dam, biggest hydro-electric </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">project in Turkey. Go to Eski Kahta. NEMRUT DAGI (MOUNT NEMRUT), </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">COMMAGENE's ruler Antiochus I's final resting palace. A tiny independent </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">state between ROME and PARTHIA But marvellous life size statues of KINGS and GODS - WESTERN AND EASTERN, APOLLO, TYCHE (Fortune) ZEUS and HERCULES. GOD MITHIRA of light and darkness - caves for worship of CYBELE. A Roman bridge built by Emperor SEPTIMUS SEVERUS and in use an old SELJUK bridge. Come back to Adyaman and drive to Kahraman Maras, famous for ice cream, and to stay.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 14</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Another early start - drive by BUNYAN - old carpet centre -KAYSERI - ancient CEASAREA MAZACA. Go around CAPPADOCIA - Urgup - Derinkuyu - AVANOS. Part of Hellenic kingdoms and Roman Empire. Amazing landscape. Nearby Erciyes, (1300 ft. high mountain - ARGAUS), 3rd highest in Turkey, converted the surrounding landscape with the torrent of lava, in one of the great upheavels on earth. Later, nature's jewellers rain, snow, floods, winds and heat created deep valleys, fissures, cones and columns and high chimneys. Veritably a lunar landscape. Several of earliest church fathers lived in this area. There are 3000 ROCK CHURCHES caved out of THESE COLUMNS and FAIRYTALE SCULPTURES. Ihlara, deep valley has churches on the sides. Then there are underground cities (8 storeys) hewn inside the rock for Christians to escape Romans, later Arab invaders. Drive to SIVAS and sleep there.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">DAY 15</span></u><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Start early again. Visit the Mosques and drive to TOKAT and a </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">detour of ZILE (where Julius Ceaser on defeating son of MITHIRADATES in 4 </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">hours said: "Veni Vedi Vici". An old Seljuk mosque. Drive along Yesilirmak </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">river. Lovely scenery. Lunch at AMASYA - birth place of Geographer STRABO - A scenic ancient town on Yesilirmak - reminds of Srinagar houses on Jhelum. Rock tombs of PONTUS KINGS. Important HELLENESTIC, BYZANTINE and OTTOMAN centre. Vast old Mederese, Turbe of Danishmand period. Complex of Beyazit II mosque and Mederse, etc. Leave via Chorum to ALACAHOYUK, YAZILKAYA and BOGAZKALE. Central area of Hittite civilisation from 1900 BC to 1100 BC. In 1930 was discovered at Alacahoyuk, SUN DISK now symbol of ANKARA. The Sphinx Gate. Yazilkaya (written on rock) from 1275 BC to 1220 BC, Shrine of Hittite emperors. Succession of dieties wearing. long conical caps march out. Hittites had 1000s gods. Many Gods have Hurrian and Hatti names. From Bogazkoy (Hattusa), Hittites'<span> </span>capital, they ruled a vast empire, south up to CYPRUS & AEGEAN. A majestic city. Visit KING'S GATE and LION'S GATE. Yerkapi 200 feet long tunnel under the wall. Well protected CITADEL. GREAT temple. More than 3000 cuneiform tablets found. One tablet on Treaty of Peace quoted pre-Vedic Indian Gods like Varuna, Indira , Mitra, Natasya etc. Another has a treatise on horse-training by a MITTANI, closer to pre Vedic SANSKRIT. MITTANIS, an Indo Aryan aristocracy ruled<span> </span>in South East of Turkey and North Syrian region. Return to Ankara - really tired but exhilarated. What a lot to see and comprehend in just 15 days.</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">What more can one see and learn in 15 days; for, Turkey was cradle and center for over 40 civilisations and intermingling of culture from Europe, Africa, Central Asia & the Middle East , some of them being, Hittite, Mitanni, Assyrian, Upper Mespotamian, Phyrigian, Urartian, Armenian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Seljuk, and Ottoman etc, with 3000 ancient cities<span> </span>and over 50,000 ancient monuments, graves, caves, mounts etc even in a fast action packed itinerary. The author has visited all places mentioned (many more than once), though not at a stretch. Often at equally hectic pace. To go around Turkey again was a major attraction for the second posting as Ambassador during 1992-96, (the first was in 1969-73). But there are still many places to visit; Van, Ani of the Armenian Churches, Kars of mystic Gurdjieff, Divrigi of pre-Ottoman masterpieces and Dogubeyazit, with its 'fossil' Ark and<span> </span>a climb up to Mount Ararat (although videotaped and photographed from air).<span> </span></span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">K.Gajendra Singh –Former Indian Ambassador to Turkey (1992-96) year 1996 ,Ankara</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span> </p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Prints </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">1 Inside Harem of Topkapi -Istanbul</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Bosphorous and bridge connecting Europe and Asia </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Covered bazar-, Istanbul </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">2 Priene, the spectacular Ionian city of Greeks</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Whirling Dervishes of Jalaluddin Rumi of Konya (old Christian Iconium)</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">3 Antakya (Antioch) Grotto where St Peter held the first mass <span> </span></span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Trojan horse at Troy of Helen, Achillies, Paris and Priam</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">4 Mardin, an ancient city on hill – , beyond the plains of Euphrates and Tigris</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Salahaddin's Diyarbakir, Kurds stong hold – street scene with Armenian and other chuches </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Hassn Kief of Salahaddin's dynasty –on river Tigris , now submerged by a dam</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Hittite ( from1900 -1100 BC) Bogazkale impregnable Citadel on windy highlands ( my hair !!) </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">5 Amasya founded by an Amazon Queen , birth place of geographer Strabo </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Ephesus <span> </span>library -the richest architectural site, the Carian city of St Paul's church</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>King Midas ( of golden touch ) City</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">6 Urfa, ancient Edessa where prophet Abraham stayed before going on to Cannan </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Sinop founded by an Amazon Queen ,the birthplace of cynic Diogenes </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Sumela monastry on<span> </span>the Black Sea coas, where Xenophon emerged with 10,000. </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">7 Sardis of King Croesus, the Lydian capital and Persian Acheamenean Empire's outpost </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Kizkalsi on Cilicia with romantic legend</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Theatre down the hill -Bergama of physician Galen</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">9 Theatre at Hierapolis near Pamukkale</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span> </span>Miletus of 6th century BC, of the first Greek thinkers. Thales, Anneximender, Anneximenes</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">10 Nemrut Dagi, of King Commagene, Self among Persian and western Roman gods</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Note!<span> </span>some of the prints may not be very good becuase of poor film and development !!</span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"></span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span lang="TR" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p> <p><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> </span></p></div><br></div></div></div><br> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-15567774494571333852009-10-13T07:51:00.001-07:002009-10-13T07:51:38.911-07:00Travelogue to Timbaktou<p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsyj6B0lQU9DH7wGGNbMTx22N1wbYznSEkJjMhZ-w2Bq6vDhO8q2vog8_uRsvc_Hvnh18oPTD-sEwkuXkTdLALXmK50_2-VXzwpIiqTeqJNMIMI7Z_rzLlVP_Uzbrk2m_FHA1ZGzY-Ic/s1600-h/TimbGvMsqMopMn1-798912.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEsyj6B0lQU9DH7wGGNbMTx22N1wbYznSEkJjMhZ-w2Bq6vDhO8q2vog8_uRsvc_Hvnh18oPTD-sEwkuXkTdLALXmK50_2-VXzwpIiqTeqJNMIMI7Z_rzLlVP_Uzbrk2m_FHA1ZGzY-Ic/s320/TimbGvMsqMopMn1-798912.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392097363635665330" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBpc6QPkwrnnfeq83SCCIefndH5_uBQjNnWFz75Fs9Nuk5F2wV2z0Urp9ueSELZwkJaY10q71skUYxUMTitfv59LAts4IsfkKLmdbH7cTI58gWQ5Q-a1UqkdTCacQGYBchpxLYDeptKi0/s1600-h/TimbHousStrMn-701663.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBpc6QPkwrnnfeq83SCCIefndH5_uBQjNnWFz75Fs9Nuk5F2wV2z0Urp9ueSELZwkJaY10q71skUYxUMTitfv59LAts4IsfkKLmdbH7cTI58gWQ5Q-a1UqkdTCacQGYBchpxLYDeptKi0/s320/TimbHousStrMn-701663.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392097369029457474" /></a></p><p class="mobile-photo"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgojgRioq6vnqEnDsRD88zbY2VER1oIt3wj9jNhZF6im3QJochFeVukGzBnf5JpSdEcOVDX7MCfdEN7E0_7vV1TFf_exxshAZplt1HYPP2gz7q3YI_biBms1JACCrysd4FVYJjUZx4PpPo/s1600-h/TimbMsqStrMx2-704764.jpg"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgojgRioq6vnqEnDsRD88zbY2VER1oIt3wj9jNhZF6im3QJochFeVukGzBnf5JpSdEcOVDX7MCfdEN7E0_7vV1TFf_exxshAZplt1HYPP2gz7q3YI_biBms1JACCrysd4FVYJjUZx4PpPo/s320/TimbMsqStrMx2-704764.jpg" border="0" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5392097389679851186" /></a></p><br> <div class="gmail_quote"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Travelogue to Timbaktou</font></span></b><br></p></div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">It has been used by Turkish Daily News, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ankara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in 1996 and Asian Age, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, 2002,Boloji etc</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <h1 class="gmail_quote" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"><span> </span>THE AMBASSADOR'S JOURNAL </span><span style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 18pt">@</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt"></span></font></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">S.S. Timbaktou</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mopti </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">November 8, 1979</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">.</span></i></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 0.5in"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">So, finally I am on my way to Timbaktou. Aboard a German built river vessel - aptly named Timbaktou. Only wish had done it 160 years ago. Things could not have been all that bad then. This is supposed to be a luxury cabin, but the Grundig all-world receiver doesn't function, the frig is too small, the cool blast from the air conditioner could have been colder. And since the boat is anchored, nothing is functioning now. But I am not complaining. The life of an explorer is, after all, hard. I begin the last phase of my hard journey at 2000 hrs. Everyone on board has been warned in advance about the VIP explorer. So I lose the aura of mystery and charm of anonymity.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">I left </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> on 6th morning for a two-hour drive to Segu, an important industrial centre. There was little traffic and the road running parallel to river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> was excellent. The topography reminded me of North M.P. region<span> </span>bordering U.P, dry shrubby interspersed with some mango trees. An ideal climate for grapes and citrus cultivation. Saw only millet being cultivated sporadically. The water potential of river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> for irrigation is immense. As it flows mostly through flat lands, with small barrages or irrigation pumps, agriculture could bloom which could easily make </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mali</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> not only self-sufficient but an exporter of agricultural products. In contrast, the Egyptians have exploited every drop of water from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Abu Simbel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Alexandria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> or for that matter the Iraqis, the waters of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Euphrates</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Tigris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. Lack of population pressure, perhaps explains the scanty utilization of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">'s water. (So would have concluded Professor Arnold Toynbee).</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Segu is a small and dusty town with dry land architecture of a medium-sized district town in Rajasthan, barring the absence of milling and jostling crowds, which only Indian towns have. Called on the Governor, a rather taciturn and humourless bureaucrat one often comes across in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. I made my call as businesslike and brief as possible and left with an escort, a Police Inspector, to visit the State-run textile factory, built by the Chinese. The machinery is sturdy and not too modern and seems to be well run by the Malian technicians. There are supposed to be still 50 Chinois, although I espied only one. No more loitering around than in any Indian factory. Rated capacity 10 million yards per year. Didn't embarrass the Director-General, who was busy holding a conference, about capacity utilization. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">Next on the menu was a sugar factory, again gifted by les Chinois, located another 60 kms. away of unsurfaced and dusty track. Crushing capacity 1000 tonnes per day. Once again not too complicated machinery, being competently run by the Malians themselves. Again saw only one Chinese, although nearly 40 still continue to be there. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">The Police Inspector and the guides were full of pride at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mali</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">'s industrialization. I dutifully listened to the intricacies of spinning, weaving and dyeing, thinking of my 5 months apprenticeship at Delhi Cloth Mills in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> in 1957. Didn't give our own textile or sugar production figures, as the Malians would not have believed it any way. Complemented the guides, including a petite Malianne, on their industrial progress and know how. Got myself group photographed and returned to the Officers' Rest House. In the evening visited the ancestral home of Malian Ambassador (in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Dakar</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">) Guisse, established by a Faith spreading priest from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Senegal</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> in the last century. Rambling big old house with women and children milling around exactly like in an old joint family house in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. Neither the patriarch nor any one else could give the exact number of children in the family. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">The Rest House was like any Circuit House in a medium Indian District, with aging mattresses, torn mosquito-nets and rattling air-conditioners. Sat out on the porch in the evening. Many Malians joined me and enjoyed my bad French and company; so I thought, till the bottle of Scotch was finished. I had a reasonably cooked meal. Complimented the cold and stern but rather good-looking Bambara Directrice of the hostel. By the time she had thawed, was too tired and went to sleep like a log. In the morning again visited Malian Ambassador's ancestral home. Had group photographs, for which the women turned out in all their festive finery. Left for Mopti, elated by the goodwill created.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><span> </span>The over 400 kms. drive between Segu and Mopti was no different except for the length of distance and time & for a few desiccated hilly outcroppings. The road was reasonably good. Reached Mopti around 1.30 P.M. Called on the Governor, who had received the message of my visit and was patiently waiting, A friend of the Malian Ambassador Guisse, I handed over his letter. A Military Officer till the coup 11 years ago, the Governor has successfully turned himself into a civilian administrator. But still believes in the authority imparted by the uniform of the Commandant (Lt. Colonel). Mischievous mention of my NDC course made his military training to almost bring him to attention and made him even more polite. Discussed possibilities of cooperation between </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mali</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. Found him rather knowledgeable about </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> till I realised that none of us had had lunch, He went to his adjoining bungalow on the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and I to my expanding Motel in Sevare 12 kms. away.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mopti is an ancient trading centre, surrounded by the overflow of the confluence of river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Beni</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and marshes. Les Chinoises are present here also, teaching intensive rice cultivation. So are the Americans with their Peace Corps volunteers. There were the usual bureaucratic boards proclaiming new projects, in case one did not notice the new methods of cultivation. In the evening, the Governor provided his Technical Counsellor as my escort. He was like our BDO, who can reel out statistics by yards. Took a few photographs (as proof of my visit) of the town with traditional ochre coloured banco houses and the 60-year old mosque. Visited a centre for fisheries, small atelier for construction of perouques traditional narrow long boats. Returned to the Motel after being suitably illuminated on the historic and commercial importance of Mopti. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>Next morning, after bath and breakfast, left a gift of silver cuff links and a Panipat table napkins set for the Governor. Bought a patterned woolen blanket for 5000 Malian Francs (Rs. 95). I am now waiting without an AC or even a fan in my cabin for the boat to depart. Still another three-and-a-half hours to kill. Shall try to concentrate on "Black Holes" in the universe and "Love and Addiction", the latter a typical American best seller, which reduces love to a profit loss relationship. Sickening and pitiable.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">November 9, 1979</span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> 2200 hrs.</span></i></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">The boat has stopped at a largish village called Dire, where under the flash lights of the boat, a thriving market between the local population and the boat travellers has sprung up. There is much haggling and shouting. The local people wear pleasing and exotic local designs mixed up with imported designs, mostly stripes. The big boat's arrival (only for 4 months during </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">'s flooding) is apparently a great occasion for the villagers, for which everyone seems to be festivally dressed up. Nevertheless, such a market has flourished here for centuries. Went down with a plain looking Canadian social worker from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and her rather vivacious mother. Ate peanuts and returned through the milling crowds. Understand there is an experimental solar pump working nearby.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><span> </span>Tomorrow morning, will arrive at Timbaktou's </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">port</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Kabara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">, 12 kms. from the town. Have so neatly organised the expedition that there should be no slip now. I had purposely joined the Malian table in the boat's dining room. All of them are very solicitous and hospitable. The ship has about 12 French and other non-descript European travelers. Struck acquaintance with some. Found them disappointing, complaining about lack of maintenance of the boat and over-crowding; afraid that the boat might sink. Enquired if they know swimming, adding I did not. Sarcasm went flat.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">The boat, especially the crowded lower decks, is a world of its own, with people cooking and eating even on the top deck and the corridors. Not that I expected Maxim or Tour d'Argent standard, but the cuisine could have been better. The ship and its services are totally Malianized. Adequate and austere. No frills. That is the hardy lot of our explorer in the tradition of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mongo</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Park</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Livingston</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. Shall recommend that tins and spices be carried by my successor explorers.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">The boat journey has been tranquil - no rolling or heaving. More or less uniform scenery with mud huts and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Savannah</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> land flora. Occasionally sand dunes encroach right up to the river. Took some photographs. Hope they are printable. Noticed a curious thing at one stop called Tonka. Old portable steam engines with boiler shells lying around. Of 50/60 year old vintage. Must investigate. Possibly an unsuccessful attempt at industrialization? Once again no serious attempt at sedentary cultivation. With various international funds and Arab organizations flush with surplus money, ideal place for a Punjabi farmer-entrepreneur. Have packed up and wrapped up a Moradabadi vase etc. for the Governor of Timbaktou. This, along with Ambassador Guisse's letter should make things easier. I hope that the uncertain flight on Sunday morning to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> takes off. Four days out of nowhere, even in a well-known place like Timbaktou might be too much. Keeping my fingers crossed. Took another two tablets of quinine. No point in getting down with malaria, if it can be avoided.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Timbaktou </span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">November 10, 1979</span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">.</span></i></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></i></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">So, I have reached Timbaktou. Disappointed. No. Was prepared, having gone through illustrated books on the ancient Eldorado. The mystery and the attraction was for the Euro-peans, which the Berbers (North Africans) ferociously guarded it as an endless source of slaves and for exchange of one ounce of gold dust for a pound of salt in normal times and par exchange in times of scarcity. The Berbers and the Arabs knew Timbaktou, had spread Islam and converted the Pagan rulers to the faith, in fact, making Timbaktou one of the greatest centres of Islamic learning.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Very little now remains of the past glory. From a peak population of over 100,000 it has now dwindled down to barely 20,000. Only two years ago made into a region ruled by a Governor (something like </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">'s pre-independent district). Located 12 kms. away from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">, on the edge of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> desert, extending from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">North Africa</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> to its outskirts, where at the modest hotel I have been lodged into. The streets are sandy, reminding one of the Loharu or some such town at the edge of the desert in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">, before Bansilal's dynamism got the roads paved and agriculture-based affluence changed mud huts into brick houses.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">As the Protocol's telegram had not reached the Governor ,not surprising, arrived at the Governorate from the non-descript river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">port</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Kabara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. The Governor was extremely pleasant and helpful. Been on civilian duty for a year only. During training in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">USSR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> made friends with Indian officers. Straightaway arranged my flight back to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> next day, much to my relief. Arranged the sight-seeing with the Department of Tourism and sent his Information Officer Toure as an additional escort. The Governor was delighted with the Moradabadi vase. (The UP handicrafts can pitch its export sales on the slogan cf "Our handicrafts reach Timbaktou"). Straightaway started the tour of the old city starting with the growing library of Ahmad Baba, a great historian and religious scholar who, out of hundreds kidnapped by the Moroccans in the l6th century and taken to Marakesh was the only one to survive and return to Timbaktou. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">The library is a fitting tribute to the Baba, whose library in l6th century boasted of several thousands of volumes, when most European scholars could count their collections in tens. So far it has retrieved nearly 1500 volumes, including one as old as 1292, found in a Bedouin tent. I have photographed it for posterity. The library also boasts of an excellent collection of currently published books on Islam, and history of Timbaktou and the region. Noted down names of books which interested me. Could easily spend weeks going through these volumes. However, the real ancient<span> </span>heritage in the form of books and writings is jealously guarded by the old established families of Timbaktou. Thousands of these works were carted away by the Moroccans and hundreds are in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Paris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. The owners here are highly reluctant to expose them to the visitors. One of them, my friend Toure informed me, had a hall full of them stacked upto the ceiling.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Also visited the oldest Djinguereyber mosque south of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> ,built in the l4th century. It was designed by Es Saheli, an architect of Spanish origin with its typical architecture of stone and banco, reinforced with palmyra logs, with its crenellated walls and conical towers. The ostrich egg at the top represents the moon, symbolising perennial light in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">land</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Islam</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> (Daru-Islam). The palmyra logs apart from enhancing the esthetic beauty, provide scaffolding for the annual repairs after the rains. The third oldest mosque used to be the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">University</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Sankore</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">, a flourishing centre of learning from l4th century onwards.( Leo Africanus refers in his chronicles to 20,000 students and 130 Koranic schools in Timbaktou.)</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><span> </span>Also visited the plaqued houses, where the first-ever Europeans to come to Timbaktou had stayed. Major Gordon Laing of West India Regiment, who did reach Timbaktou by the Saharan route from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Libya</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> in 1826, was murdered on the city's outskirts while trying to return. Barring converted Europeans and renegades, who formed part of the Moroccan armies, Rene Caille, disguised as an Arab, was the first European to go back alive next year, after visiting Timbaktou by the Saharan route, but on reaching </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Fez</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">, had to hide in the French Consul's house, till safe passage could be arranged. Such was the hostility of the Berbers and Arabs against European attempts to trace the Eldorado. The name of Timbaktou derives from , the place of old woman (tin) who used to guard the water well (baktoo) for the caravans coming and going across the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. Only a touristic board now indicates that hallowed spot. All places of historic importance have been duly photographed for posterity and as a proof against detractors (of my visit).</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Let me now digress a little on the history of the region, with the middle reaches of river </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> as its artery. From </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> to Gao, 1400 kilometres of the navigable waterway has assured, from ancient days, movement of people, merchandise and ideas. At the fringe of the Savannah land in West Africa, easily accessible to tropical forests in the south, its strategic location at the edge of the formidable but camel navigable </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> extending upto </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mediterranean</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> and thence to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Europe</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> gave birth to flourishing trading centres like Djenne, Gao<span> </span>and Timbaktou. With affluence followed arts, culture, conquerors, adventurers, religious crusaders and thinkers, making </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Mali</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> a cross-road of civilizations. The earliest to establish themselves in the area was the Empire of Ghana (no similarity with the present-day </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Ghana</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">), beginning in 3rd/4th century AD, possibly founded by North African Berbers. Around 8th century, the local Sonikes took over and ruled it till overwhelmed by the crusading zeal of the puritan desert Berber (Touaregs - blue veiled men) converts, but it ended in general disruption and decay. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">Once again it was the crusading zeal of newly converted Pagan Mandingo tribal rulers, which laid the foundation of the Empire of Mali in ll th <span> </span>century, reaching its zenith in the l4th century, under Mansa Mousa. He dazzled the world with his riches when he performed his historic Haj in 1324. The monarch was preceded by 500 slaves, each carrying a gold stuff weighing about 20 kilograms of gold and followed by nearly 100 camels each bearing about 150 kilograms of gold for purchases, gifts and alms. His generosity along the route so depressed the price of gold that it took a generation for it to recover. </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">After the fall of the Mali Empire came Songhais from Gao; and Moroccans from the North , not satisfied with profits from the trade in gold and slaves, but to capture the goose itself. The first Moroccan expedition was led in 1590, by Judar Pasha, a converted Spanish eunuch with a force of 4000, equipped with artillery and fire arms (little known in the area). Nearly 3000 perished in the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> but the surprise and the superiority of the arms won the day. Moroccans poured in nearly 25,000 soldiers, thousands of them Europeans, converts and renegades. But the source of gold were down south and finally the Moroccan forces, in the usual fashion by inter-marriage and inter-mingling became part of the local population. The destruction caused by the Moroccan intervention and the opening out of the sea-routes to the Guinea coast in West Africa by the Europeans, led to the ultimate decline and decay of the region.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> </span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">November 12,1979</span></i></b><b><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">.</span></i></b></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Returned back to civilization yesterday </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">noon</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">. It was bit of a relief. Hotel De 1'Amitiee, built by the descendants of the Pyramid builders (Egyptians) on the lines of Oberoi Intercontinental, is possibly the best maintained and run in this part, including Dakar hotels and d'Ivoire in Abidjan. On l0th evening in Timbaktou, with the Governor's tacit encouragement, my escort Toure took me to a typical only male gathering, which meets regularly on Saturdays. There were eight of them, mostly married and Government servants, dressed in typical booboos (long flowing robes which can cost upto as much as Rs. 4000 each with months of intricate hand-crafted embroidery), They were sprawled or reclining on a large duree which covered the first floor roof. Normally they discuss, gossip or listen to music. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Wish I had taken a cassette recorder to tape the haunting local music, akin to desert Tuareg music. I drank a few cups of sweetened lemon water spiced with ginger. This was the only time I drank un-bottled water during my safari and paid the penalty for it, in the tradition of Ibn-Batua , not that I could have refused this part of the hospitality. As is the local tradition, ate bread (like the Egyptian or Syrian-fermented and round like thick chapatis-Indian bread) with meat curry prepared with 12 local condiments of Timbaktou. the taste and smell was absolutely delicious. In the traditional Hamitic<span> </span>(North African - Berber) tradition, which has permeated down to the land of the black (Bled-As-Sudan), I was offered the choicest morsels of meat. There were no knives or forks. I generally discoursed on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">, the industrial advances (doing my duty), democratic functioning and our secular set-up. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Returned on foot through sand covered unlighted streets of Timbaktou, reminding me of my own childhood walks through Indian villages in the dark. Soon after return, started feeling the repercussions of drinking unfiltered </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Niger</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> water and by early morning had involuntary purgings of my stomach and felt rather fatigued, further aggravated by lack of sleep that night and the night before. The hotel had a power cut (like </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> nowadays) and it was quite something to pack or to shave in the morning at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">5 A.M</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">). with a single candle filched from Hotel De L'Amitiee. Left three bottles of water for the Canadian social worker and her mother. This gift of water in a desert, that too bottled, for the Europeans was highly appreciated. Mr. Toure presented to me in exchange for silver cuff links I had given him, necklaces and bangles made of weeds, a typically local handicraft - highly intricate, delicate and painstaking work, though not of lasting nature. </span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">At the Timbaktou airport bought two pairs of chappals with Timbaktou emblazoned on them. Returned to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> accompanied by the Governor, who had to attend a Government meeting on the usual bureaucratic tussle between powers of judiciary and the executive. The flight, inspite of the forebodings of my friend, the Alitalia Manager, Sir Richard, who had strongly advised me to avoid it, if possible, was smooth and comfortable. It was a Russian aircraft, austerely converted to seat 52 passengers. The extra attention, because few Ambassadors based in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Dakar</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> or even </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line">Bamako</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"> visited Timbaktou, by shapely Bambara Hostesses, was rather flattering.</span></font></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span></font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span>(Gajendra Singh) </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"><span> </span><span> </span>Ambassador</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">PS . This travelogue was essentially written for Tinoo and Bulbul, my son and daughter . I hope you also enjoyed it.</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LAYOUT-GRID-MODE: line"><font face="Times New Roman">@(The author has no objection to the readers reproducing parts or the complete narrative, in or out of context, or even passing it off as their own travelogue)</font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Below </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"></span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1(a) Mopti port from where I took the boat for Timbuctou </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>(b) In front of the oldest Djinguereyber mosque south of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> ,built in the l4th century. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>(c) With the Governor of Timbuctou in front of his office </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">2. The two houses where the British and French disguised as Arabs stayed.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Streets of Timbuctou</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">3.Mosque , Bazaar and the spot where the water well was located for outgoing and incoming caravans after crossing the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Sahara</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> desert.</span><font size="2"> </font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">The name of Timbaktou derives from , the place of old woman (tin) who used to guard the water well (baktoo) .Only a touristic board now indicates that hallowed spot</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><br></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7819650547572344389.post-86178400871282870342009-10-13T07:26:00.001-07:002009-10-13T07:26:23.738-07:00A MEETING WITH CHE GUEVARA<div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></b></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"></span></span></b></font><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt">1. A MEETING WITH CHE GUEVARA</span></b><font size="3"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>June 12, 2008<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></b></font></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">by K Gajendra Singh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span><span style="COLOR: blue">MWC.net,Uruknet,Boloji,GlobalResearch etc</span></span></font></font></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt; tab-stops: 130.5pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><font size="3"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><span style="COLOR: blue"></span></span></font></font> </div> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Che Guevara ;"an inspiration for every human being who loves freedom"</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> –Nelson Mandela</span></b></font><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">.<br> </font><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><br><font face="Times New Roman"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">Che Guevara is "not only an intellectual but also the most complete human being of our age"—</i>Jean-Paul Sartre.<br> <br><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">"The first thing to note is that in my son's veins flowed the blood of the Irish rebels, the Spanish conquistadores and the Argentinean patriots. Evidently Che inherited some of the features of our restless ancestors. There was something in his nature which drew him to distant wanderings, dangerous adventures and new ideas.</i> " — Ernesto Guevara Lynch, Che's Father </font></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0in 0in 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><br><br><font face="Times New Roman">1965 was a very eventful year in </font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">Algeria</font></span><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Jammu and Kashmir leader Sheikh Abdullah , who had been released from prison in India ,under the pretext of seeing Algerian Revolutionary leader and President Ben Bella turned up in Algiers and met with Chinese Prime Minister Chou en Lai , also visiting Algeria .Soon after, President Ben Bella himself, residing at the Peoples Palace , just across my flat on Rue Franklin Roosevelt ,was overthrown in a peaceful coup d'etat by Houari Boumeddienne ,the military chief of the Algerian Liberation Army . Twice, preparatory meetings for the Second Afro Asian Summit failed to agree on an agenda or the date or even the venue.<br> <br>But it is the 80th anniversary of Che Guevara's birth on 14 June and the upcoming 50th anniversary of the Cuban Revolution which Che helped plan and execute with Fidel Castro , which brought back memories of the visit to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Algeria</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> of that legendry revolutionary icon of 1960s and beyond.<br> <br>Having won its independence from France three years earlier after a bloody 8 year long guerilla war , in which a million Algerians out of eleven million population were sacrificed ,Algeria was then at the forefront of struggle against colonialism and imperialism. Its capital </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Algiers</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> was a thriving hub for freedom movements and revolutionary groups from all over Africa, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Asia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and elsewhere. Every week there were seminars, meetings and summits for Arab, Afro-Asian and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Third World</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> solidarity and struggle. It was for one such seminar in February 1965 that Che Guevara himself , then Minister of Industry in the Cuban government turned up He was indisputably the dazzling star of the show. After the meeting people queued up to shake his hand and so did I , then posted as a young diplomat at </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Algiers</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> . I said hello and perhaps added how are you. It was like getting an autograph of a celebrity.<br> <br>With only a few years into the diplomatic service after an engineering degree from </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Banaras</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> I was still reading up on history and international relations and was not fully cognizant of the Che Guevara phenomenon and his revolutionary past . But the man had a charismatic presence in green olive fatigues and black beret at a rakish angle. The very best of the </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Hollywood</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Bollywood stars all rolled into one ; say our Ajit, Raj Kumar, Dharmendra ,Errol Flynn et al. Later when I recounted my meeting and shaking hands with Che, many students ,leftists and ladies would shake my hand to partake some of that revolutionary <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">'barkat'</i> which might still be lingering in my fingers.<br> <br>Later I learnt more about Che ( so nicknamed because of his constant use of Che - dear) , his full name being Ernesto Guevara de la Serna .Born in 1928 in a well educated middle class Argentine family , he was the eldest of five siblings . He played excellent chess as a child and was an aggressive rugby player. During adolescence and later he remained passionate about poetry, especially that of Neruda, Keats , Machado, Lorea, Mistral ,Vallejo and Whitman ,He could also recite Kipling and Hernandez from memory. A home library of more than 3,000 books, allowed him to be an enthusiastic and eclectic reader of philosophers and poets , even writings of Jawahar Lal Nehru (with whom Che had lunch during the visit to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">New Delhi</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ), apart from Marxist and existentialist writers.<br> <br>He had a brilliant medical academic career and was an exceptional athlete in spite of asthma. But his motorcycle trips across </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , where he encountered American imperialism at first hand changed his vision of the world. A bloody revolution was necessary to throw out capitalism and imperialism.<br> <br><i>"After graduation, due to special circumstances and perhaps also to my character, I began to travel throughout </i></span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">America</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, and I became acquainted with all of it. Except for </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Haiti</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Santo Domingo</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, I have visited, to some extent, all the other Latin American countries. Because of the circumstances in which I traveled, first as a student and later as a doctor, I came into close contact with poverty , hunger and disease; with the inability to treat a child because of lack of money; with the stupefaction provoked by the continual hunger and punishment, to the point that a father can accept the loss of a son as an unimportant accident, as occurs often in the downtrodden classes of our American homeland. And I began to realize at that time that there were things that were almost as important to me as becoming famous for making a significant contribution to medical science: I wanted to help those people."</span></i></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> --- Che Guevara in 1960.<br> <br>After finishing his medical studies , he reached </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Guatemala</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in December 1953, where President Jacob Arbenz Guzman heading a democratically elected government, through land reforms and other measures, was attempting to improve the condition of the peasants. Che wanted to settle down in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Guatemala</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ,but for the overthrow of the Arbenz government by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Washington</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> which confirmed Guevara's view that </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> as an imperialist power would oppose and attempt to destroy any regime that sought to redress the socio-economic inequality endemic to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and other developing countries. This strengthened his conviction that Marxism achieved through armed struggle and defended by an armed populace was the only way to rectify such a condition.<br> <br>Che then shifted to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Mexico city</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in September 1954, and renewed his friendship with the Cuban exiles he had known in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Guatemala</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. In June 1955, he met with Raul Castro and later his older brother, Fidel Castro . the revolutionary leader who was planning to overthrow the dictatorship of US backed Fulgencio Batista in what became hallowed as the Cuban Revolution. Guevara recognized at once that Castro was the cause for which he had been searching for. He joined Castro and was promoted as Commander in Castro's 26 July Movement, playing a pivotal role in the successful guerrilla campaign to overthrow the Batista . After Castro's army rolled victoriously into </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Havana</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> the revolutionary government in February, 1969 proclaimed Guevara "a Cuban citizen by birth" in recognition of his role in the triumph.<br> <br>After the revolution Che served in many prominent governmental positions, including as president of the national bank, minister of industry, and "supreme prosecutor" over the revolutionary tribunals and executions of suspected war criminals from the previous regime. He also went traversing around the globe to meet with an array of world leaders to explain and promote the Cuban socialism .Che was a prolific writer and diarist. One of his most prominent published works includes a manual on the theory and practice of guerilla warfare.<br> <br>Time Magazine, which described Che Guevara as one of the hundred most influential persons of the 20th century wrote that ; "Che convinced Castro with competence, diplomacy and patience. When grenades were needed, Che set up a factory to make them. When bread was wanted, Che set up ovens to bake it. When new recruits needed to learn tactics and discipline, Che taught them. When a school was needed to teach peasants to read and write, Che organized it."<br> <br>The Cuban revolution , still survives in spite of American endevours to undermine it and many attempts to assassinate Fidel Castro himself .Cuba remains a beacon and has inspired revolutionaries and leftist regimes around the world specially in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. More so after the collapse of the Soviet Union and ongoing transformation of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> into a bourgeoisie state. Hugo Chavez of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Venezuela</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is a most striking example. Many other independent leaders are being elected in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , who are following the pro-people policies of Chavez and trying to extricate their countries from the grip of US and other multinationals .<br> <br>Che had come to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Algeria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> after visiting many important Afro-Asian nations like </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">China</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Yugoslavia</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Egypt</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> .This visit turned out to be his last public appearance on the international stage. In a speech at the economic seminar on the importance of Afro-Asian solidarity ,he specified the moral duty of the socialist countries and accused them of tacit complicity with the exploiting Western countries. He proceeded to outline a number of measures which he said the communist-bloc countries must implement in order to accomplish the defeat of imperialism.<br> <br>Che appeared closer to Mao's Chinese ideology. It was an implicit criticism of the Soviet Union , </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cuba</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s main support and bulwark against implacable </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> hostility , which continues to this day . Ideological differences with Castro on </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USSR</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> 's policies brought some coolness in relations between Castro and Guevara. After </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Algiers</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> , Che did return to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Cuba</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> but left soon after and dropped out of public life and then vanished altogether.<br> <br>There were many media reports of his appearance with USA's CIA very much on his trail and keenly interested in his activities .It appears that he first helped Patrice Lumumba's cause in Congo , but did not achieve much success. In late 1966 he went over to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bolivia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> to set up guerrilla training groups to help dissidents to the regime. US was keeping a watch on his movements but Che was unaware that Washington had sent CIA and other operatives , including one Felix Rodriguez into Bolivia to aid the government forces which had been trained, advised, and supplied by US Army Special Forces trained in jungle warfare .<br> <br>In October, 1967, Che's group was attacked by the Bolivian army. Guevara, who was wounded in the attack, was captured , but he died defiantly. A panicky Bolivian regime , afraid of reaction around the world if he were tried and US demands ,got him executed . Moments before his execution Che was asked if he was thinking of his own immortality. "No," he replied, "I'm thinking about the immortality of the revolution." A jittery and shaking Bolivian soldier chosen to kill him , had trouble pulling the trigger. Che asked him to steady himself and take a clean aim. He was only 40 years old . Few revolutionaries like Mao and Fidel live to grow old. And Mao's </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">China</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is far from a revolutionary state now. More of a statues quo regime with wannabe imperialistic ambitions.<br> In July ,1997 , Che Guevara's remains though not exhumed were definitely identified by two experts who were "100 percent sure" ,were discovered in Vallegrande in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Bolivia</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> . A 19 July ceremony in Havana, attended by Fidel Castro and other Cuban officials, marked the return of Che's remains to Cuba and in an 17 October ,1997 ceremony attended by Castro and thousands of Cubans, Che Guevara's were reburied in Santa Clara, Cuba<br> <br>Che's unflinching will, self sacrifice and idealism have given him a saint like halo and reverence among his followers around the world. His theories and treatises on guerilla warfare still remain a beacon for the young and the revolutionary as they were for the 1968 students uprising in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Paris</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and elsewhere , for example , among the leftist Marxist students of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in early 1970s, who also studied the Naxabari movement and lapped up theories of Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal from Indian Bengal. But there was also Geetanjali and Geeta along with Marxist literature found with leftist students in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Ankara</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Soon after 9/11, many Muslim radicals in the Arab world wrongly tried to compare Osama ben Laden with Che.<br> <br>Che's memories now live on in photos, music, theater pieces, movies, poems, novels, sculptures and scholarly texts. To coincide with his 80th birthday celebrations , a collection of vintage Che Guevara prints are on display in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Austria</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, including the iconic 1960 Alberto Korda portrait of him in a beret. Exhibitions of his photographs including of his visit to </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">India</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> in 1960s is being held in New </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Delhi</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> .A new statue has been unveiled in his native </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Argentina</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. The larger-than-life "Monument to Che" statue weighs three tons and towers 13 feet high, topped off with the revolutionary's famed starred beret. Guevara had left the city in 1953 as a young doctor embarking on a trip throughout </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Latin America</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, a journey depicted in the 2004 movie "Motorcycle Diaries."<br> <br>But the universal consumer society today exploits even Che's fame and name to sell designer clothes, beer, films and books.<br><br>The "Brand Equity" writers in USA who claimed " End of History " aka triumphalism of US capitalism have said much and written numerous volumes about the failure of socialism in former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe but little about the failure of capitalism for two thirds of humanity, the four billion people that live below the poverty line. Nikolai Ceausescu remains the most important leader in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Romania</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">'s history according to a recent poll. Russian leader Vladimir Putin , whom </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> President George Bush once asked to implement democracy as in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iraq</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> ( some sick joke) consistently gets over 70% in popularity poll , while Bush's popularity is at an all time low of any </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> president ,touching a low 30%.<br> <br>The result of globalization ,policies of IMF and WTO with consequent increased income inequalities in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and elsewhere and sliding of the capitalist system towards failure, will only add further misery to poverty ridden masses around the world . The crash of expectations built on rabid and unabashed consumerism and financial speculations based on fiat currency created liquidity leading to high oil prices and scarce and expensive food is already leading to strikes over energy price increase and riots over food shortages around the world..<br> <br>The era immediately after the fall of the Berlin Wall would be remembered for the political , social and economic decline in human evolution and condition ;in regard to basic rights, equality, fraternity and well being. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">UK</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> are becoming police states with constant surveillance and spying on its own citizens and abridgment of civil liberties .Corporate media and government controlled BBC churn out spins , half truths and blatant lies. And how to describe US spending on defence (against whom) which is as much as the rest of the world put together. Not to protect USA but to maintain unbridled hegemony as shown in its naked and illegal aggression on Iraq for its oil , followed by rampant and continued looting and destruction of that country .Over a million Iraqis have been killed , millions of children rendered orphans and 4 million Iraqis made refugees in a population of 25 million .US leaders had the obscenity to describe the March 2003 invasion as 'Operation Iraqi freedom" as part of a so called plan to 'spread democracy' in the Middle East . Now, daily ,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> is being threatened with bombing ,even with nuclear weapons by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">USA</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. Where will this unbridled greed , capitalism and globalization would lead to?<br> <br>But there is some hope. The fierce Iraqi resistance against </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> military machine now bogged down in a quagmire. Unmasking of aura of invincibility of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Israel</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> by Lebanese Hezbollah fighters. </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Defiance</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> by </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Iran</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> against US and 3 European powers. The fast changing scene in Latin America favouring pro-people governments and decline of </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">US</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> hegemony. Overthrow of the monarchy in </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Nepal</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and Maoist movements in many Indian states ruled by corrupt political elites.<br> <br><i>K Gajendra Singh, Indian ambassador (retired), served as ambassador to </i></span><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Turkey</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Azerbaijan</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> from August 1992 to April 1996. Prior to that, he served terms as ambassador to </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Jordan</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">, </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Romania</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"> and </span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">Senegal</span></i><i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">. He is currently chairman of the Foundation for Indo-Turkic Studies. Copy right with the author.E-mail: <a href="mailto:Gajendrak@hotmail.com">Gajendrak@hotmail.com </a></span></i><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span></font></p> Amb. (Retd.) K. Gajendra Singhhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10712573815372515430noreply@blogger.com